Regulations, institutions and income smoothing by managing technical reserves: international evidence from the insurance industry
Chrysovalantis Gaganis, Iftekhar Hasan, Fotios Pasiouras
Omega,
No. 3,
2016
Abstract
This paper investigates the role of technical reserves in the income smoothing behavior of insurance companies. This is one of the first attempts in the literature to trace such relationship in the insurance industry, especially at a multi-country setting. The experience of 770 insurance firms operating in 87 countries over the period 2000–2009 reveals that there is a significant evidence of income smoothing. The paper also finds that institutional characteristics, e.g., the rule of law, common law legal origin, economic freedom, and regulations relating to technical provisions and supervisory power constrain income smoothing but other factors such as capital requirements, tax deductibility of provisions, auditing, and corporate governance do not have a significant effect.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage im vierten Quartal 2015: Gute Stimmung bei den Unternehmen hält an
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2016
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands hat sich zum Jahresende 2015 weiter erwärmt, wie die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage unter rund 300 Unternehmen zeigen. Die Lage wird per saldo drei Punkte besser als im Vorquartal bewertet, und der Saldo aus positiven und negativen Meldungen über die Geschäftsaussichten steigt um vier Punkte (vgl. Abbildung 1 und Tabelle).
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IWH-Bauumfrage im vierten Quartal 2015: Geschäftsaussichten hellen sich in allen Sparten deutlich auf
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2016
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima im ostdeutschen Baugewerbe hat sich laut Umfrage des IWH zum Jahresende verbessert. Die aktuelle Geschäftslage beurteilen die Unternehmen etwas besser als im Quartal zuvor (vgl. Abbildung 1). Hinsichtlich der Geschäftsaussichten für das nächste halbe Jahr sind die Unternehmen sogar erheblich optimistischer. Hier steigt der Saldo aus den positiven und negativen Meldungen der Unternehmen um neun Saldenpunkte (vgl. Tabelle).
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To Separate or not to Separate Investment from Commercial Banking? An Empirical Analysis of Attention Distortion under Multiple Tasks
Reint E. Gropp, K. Park
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 2,
2016
Abstract
In the wake of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, a number of policy reports (Vickers, Liikanen, Volcker) proposed to separate investment banking from commercial banking to increase financial stability. This paper empirically examines one theoretical justification for these proposals, namely attention distortion under multiple tasks as in Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991). Universal banks can be viewed as combining two different tasks (investment banking and commercial banking) in the same organization. We estimate pay-performance sensitivities for different segments within universal banks and for pure investment and commercial banks. We show that the pay-performance sensitivity is higher in investment banking than in commercial banking, no matter whether it is organized as part of a universal bank or in a separate institution. Next, the paper shows that relative pay-performance sensitivities of investment and commercial banking are negatively related to the quality of the loan portfolio in universal banks. Depending on the specification, we obtain a reduction in problem loans when investment banking is removed from commercial banks of up to 12 percent. We interpret the evidence to imply that the higher pay-performance sensitivity in investment banking directs the attention of managers away from commercial banking within universal banks, consistent with Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991). Separation of investment banking and commercial banking may indeed be associated with a reduction in risk in commercial banking.
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Abnormal Real Operations, Real Earnings Management, and Subsequent Crashes in Stock Prices
Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan, Lingxiang Li
Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting,
No. 2,
2016
Abstract
We study the impact of firms’ abnormal business operations on their future crash risk in stock prices. Computed based on real earnings management (REM) models, firms’ deviation in real operations (DROs) from industry norms is shown to be positively associated with their future crash risk. This association is incremental to that between discretionary accruals (DAs) and crash risk found by prior studies. Moreover, after Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002, DRO’s predictive power for crash risk strengthens substantially, while DA’s predictive power essentially dissipates. These results are consistent with the prior finding that managers shift from accrual earnings management to REM after SOX. We further develop a suspect-firm approach to capture firms’ use of DRO for REM purposes. This analysis shows that REM-firms experience a significant increase in crash risk in the following year. These findings suggest that the impact of DRO on crash risk is at least partially through REM.
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04.02.2016 • 5/2016
IWH-Industrieumfrage zum Jahresauftakt 2016: Hoffnung auf nachhaltigen Aufschwung
Die vom IWH befragten rund 300 Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes Ostdeutschlands gehen zuversichtlich ins Geschäftsjahr 2016. Die Erwartungen an den Umsatz überflügeln die abgerechne-ten Werte von 2015. Allerdings konnten im Jahr 2015 die angepeilten Umsatzziele oftmals nicht erreicht werden. Die Industriekonjunktur kam erst ab dem Sommer richtig in Schwung. Im Vorleistungsgütergewerbe, der in Ostdeutschland dominierenden Sparte, verzögerte sich dies bis ins Schlussquartal, und selbst dann wurde das Vorjahresniveau der Geschäftsaktivitäten nicht erreicht. Die Ertragslage im Jahr 2015 glich der des Vorjahres. Reichlich zwei Drittel der Unternehmen erreichten die Gewinnzone, unter den Konsumgüterherstellern sogar 82%. Diese Sparte rechnete auch über dem Gesamtdurchschnitt liegende Umsätze ab.
Die positiven Erwartungen an das Jahr 2016 zeigen sich auch in den Beschäftigungsplänen. Knapp ein Drittel der Unternehmen will Personal einstellen. 55% gehen davon aus, dass sie ihren Personalbestand halten werden, und nur 17% erwarten einen Beschäftigungsabbau. Die Umsatz- und Beschäftigungspläne der Exportunternehmen sind leicht überdurchschnittlich.
Udo Ludwig
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19.01.2016 • 3/2016
IWH-Industrieumfrage im vierten Quartal 2015: Gute Stimmung bei den Unternehmen hält an
Das Geschäftsklima im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands hat sich zum Jahresende 2015 weiter erwärmt, wie die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage unter rund 300 Unternehmen zeigen. Die Lage wird per saldo drei Punkte besser als im Vorquartal bewertet, und der Saldo aus positiven und negativen Meldungen über die Geschäftsaussichten steigt um vier Punkte (vgl. Abbildung 1 und Tabelle).
Cornelia Lang
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Do Federal Reserve Bank Presidents’ Interest Rate Votes in the FOMC Follow an Electoral Cycle?
Stefan Eichler, Tom Lähner
Applied Economics Letters,
No. 9,
2016
Abstract
We find that Federal Reserve Bank presidents’ regional bias in their dissenting interest rate votes in the Federal Open Market Committee follows an electoral cycle. Presidents put more weight on their district’s economic environment during the year prior to their (re-)election relative to nonelection years.
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Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of Institutional and Cultural Determinants
Stefan Eichler, N. Lucke
Applied Economics,
No. 11,
2016
Abstract
Using panel data for 29 source and 65 host countries in the period 1995–2009, we examine the determinants of bilateral FDI stocks, focusing on institutional and cultural factors. The results reveal that institutional and cultural distance is important and that FDI has a predominantly regional aspect. FDI to developing countries is positively affected by better institutions in the host country, while foreign investors prefer to invest in developed countries that are more corrupt and politically unstable compared to home. The results indicate that foreign investors prefer to invest in countries with less diverse societies than their own.
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Spinoffs in Germany: Characteristics, Survival, and the Role of their Parents
Daniel Fackler, A. Schmucker, Claus Schnabel
Small Business Economics,
No. 1,
2016
Abstract
Using a 50 % sample of all private sector establishments in Germany, we report that spinoffs are larger, initially employ more skilled and more experienced workers, and pay higher wages than other startups. We investigate whether spinoffs are more likely to survive than other startups, and whether spinoff survival depends on the quality and size of their parent companies, as suggested in some of the theoretical and empirical literature. Our estimated survival models confirm that spinoffs are generally less likely to exit than other startups. We also distinguish between pulled spinoffs, where the parent company continues after they are founded, and pushed spinoffs, where the parent company stops operations. Our results indicate that in western and eastern Germany and in all sectors investigated, pulled spinoffs have a higher probability of survival than pushed spinoffs. Concerning the parent connection, we find that intra-industry spinoffs and spinoffs emerging from better-performing or smaller parent companies are generally less likely to exit.
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