Worker Remittances and Capital Flows to Developing Countries
Claudia M. Buch, A. Kuckulenz
International Migration,
No. 5,
2010
Abstract
Worker remittances constitute an increasingly important channel for the
transfer of resources to developing countries. Behind foreign direct investment,
remittances are the second-largest source of external funding for developing countries. Yet, literature on worker remittances has traditionally focused on the impact of remittances on income distribution within countries, on the determinants of remittances at a micro-level, or on the effects of migration and remittances for specific countries or regions. Macroeconomic determinants and effects of remittances have received more attention only recently. Hence, the focus of this paper is on the macroeconomic determinants of remittances and on differences in these determinants between remittances and other capital flows. We find that
remittances respond more to demographic variables while private capital
flows respond more to macroeconomic conditions.
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Neo-liberalism, the Changing German Labor Market, and Income Distribution: An Institutionalist and Post Keynesian Analysis
John B. Hall, Udo Ludwig
Journal of Economic Issues,
2010
Abstract
This inquiry relies on an Institutionalist and Post Keynesian analysis to explore Germany's neo-liberal project, noting cumulative effects emerging as measurable economic and societal outcomes. Investments in technologies generate rising output-to-capital ratios. Increasing exports offset the Domar problem, but give rise to capital surpluses. National income redistributes in favor of capital. Novel labor market institutions emerge. Following Minsky, good times lead to bad: as seeming successes of neo-liberal policies are accompanied by financial instability, growing disparities in household incomes, and sharp declines in German exports on world markets, resulting in one of the deepest, recent contractions in the industrialized world.
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Human Capital Investment, New Firm Creation and Venture Capital
Merih Sevilir
Journal of Financial Intermediation,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
This paper studies the relation between firm investment in general human capital, new firm creation and financial development for new firm financing, such as the existence of a venture capital industry. On one hand, firm investment in general human capital leads employees to generate new innovative ideas for starting their own firm. Since employees need a venture capitalist to start their new firm, firm investment in general human capital encourages the creation of venture capitalists by increasing the need for their services, such as providing advice and monitoring. On the other hand, as new firm financing becomes available, firms' willingness to invest in general human capital increases, and as a by-product, the creation of employee-founded and venture capital-backed new firms increases in the economy. Hence, our model provides a rational explanation for the emergence of new firms created by employees of established firms, which represents one of the most common type of new firms in many industries.
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Investor Rationality and House Price Bubbles: The Case of Berlin and the German Reunification
Oliver Holtemöller, R. Schulz
German Economic Review,
2010
Abstract
We analyze the behavior of investors in the Berlin rental apartment house market over the years 1980–2004. Using constant-quality multipliers (price–rent ratios), we reject the hypothesis that multipliers in the market were set in a rational manner. Supported by narrative evidence, we conjecture that investors misjudged the economic effects of the German reunification. To examine this, we employ a stylized structural economic model and analyze the effects of shocks on rational multipliers. It seems that investors confused the reunification with a permanent supply side shock to the economy. By basing their investment decisions on this misjudgement, investors behaved irrationally, but in a very uncertain and unprecedented environment.
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Why are East Germans not More Mobile? Analyzing the Impact of Social Ties on Regional Migration
Peter Bönisch, Lutz Schneider
Abstract
Individuals’ preferences in transition regions are still shaped by the former communist system. We test this ‘Communism legacy’ hypothesis by examining the impact of acculturation in a communist regime on social network participation and, as a consequence, on preferences for spatial mobility. We focus on the paradigmatic case of East Germany where mobility intentions seem to be substantially weaker than in the western part. Applying an IV ordered probit approach we firstly find that East German people acculturated in a Communist system are more invested in locally bounded informal social capital than West Germans. Secondly, we confirm that membership in such locally bounded social networks reduces the intention to move away. Thirdly, after controlling for the social network effect the mobility gap between East and West substantially reduces. Low spatial mobility of the eastern population, we conclude, is to an important part attributable to a social capital endowment characteristic to post-communist economies.
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FDI and Domestic Investment: An Industry-level View
C. Arndt, Claudia M. Buch, Monika Schnitzer
B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy,
2010
Abstract
Previous empirical work on the link between domestic and foreign investment has provided mixed results. This may partly be due to the level of aggregation of the data. In this paper, we argue that the impact of FDI on the domestic capital stock depends on the structure of industries. Using industry-level data on the stock of German FDI, we test our predictions. We use panel cointegration methods which address the potential endogeneity of FDI. We find evidence for a positive long-run impact of FDI on the domestic capital stock.
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FDI and the National Innovation System - Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
D. Dyker (ed.), Network Dynamics in Emerging Regions of Europe, Imperial College Press,
2010
Abstract
The paper investigates strategic motives, technological activities and determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness in post-transition economies (Eastern Germany and selected Central East European countries). The empirical study makes use of the IWH FDI micro database. Results of the descriptive analysis of investment motives show that market access dominates over efficiency seeking and other motives. The majority of investors are technologically active in the region as a whole, but countries differ in terms of performance. The probit model estimations show that firm specific characteristics, among them innovativeness and autonomy from parent company, are important determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness.
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The Attractiveness of East Germany as Investment Location for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs)
Andrea Gauselmann, Björn Jindra
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2010
Abstract
Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet zum einen die grundlegenden Investitionsmotive multinationaler Investoren in Ostdeutschland. Zum anderen wird
untersucht, wie diese Investoren die Qualität ausgewählter Standortfaktoren in den Neuen Ländern bewerten. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien wird die Heterogenität multinationaler Unternehmen in der Analyse eingehend berücksichtigt. Die Untersuchung basiert auf der dritten Befragungswelle der IWH-FDI-Mikrodatenbank aus dem Jahr 2009, die eine repräsentative und umfangreiche Stichprobe multinationaler Investoren in der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft bietet. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen Paradigmenwechsel in der relativen Bedeutung grundlegender Investitionsmotive im Laufe der Transformation in den Neuen Ländern. Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre ziehen sie verstärkt Investoren an, die auf die Produktdiversifikation oder technologische Vorteile abzielen, statt primär auf Kostenvorteile bei den Produktionsfaktoren oder die Ausdehnung ihrer bestehenden Produktion zu setzen. Dabei unterscheidet sich die Bedeutung der Investitionsmotive in Abhängigkeit vom Herkunftsland, der Art des Markteintritts und dem Wirtschaftszweig des multinationalen Investors. Was die Bewertung der gegebenen Standortfaktoren aus Sicht der Investoren betrifft, so schneidet die Qualität des soziokulturellen Umfelds am besten ab, gefolgt von Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit dem Potenzial für technologische Kooperationen, dem Angebot an Arbeitskräften sowie der Verfügbarkeit staatlicher Förderung. Auch in der Bewertung der Standortfaktoren zeigt sich, dass signifikante Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom Herkunftsland, aber auch je nach dem vorrangigen Investitionsmotiv des Investors bestehen. Abschließend identifiziert der Beitrag politischen Handlungsbedarf auf den Feldern Fachkräfteangebot sowie Technologie- und Investitionsförderung, um den Wirtschaftsstandort Neue Länder nachhaltig zu sichern.
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