Stock Market Firm-Level Information and Real Economic Activity
Filippo di Mauro, Fabio Fornari, Dario Mannucci
ECB Working Paper,
No. 1366,
2011
Abstract
We provide evidence that changes in the equity price and volatility of individual firms (measures that approximate the definition of 'granular shock' given in Gabaix, 2010) are key to improve the predictability of aggregate business cycle fluctuations in a number of countries. Specifically, adding the return and the volatility of firm-level equity prices to aggregate financial information leads to a significant improvement in forecasting business cycle developments in four economic areas, at various horizons. Importantly, not only domestic firms but also foreign firms improve business cycle predictability for a given economic area. This is not immediately visible when one takes an unconditional standpoint (i.e. an average across the sample). However, conditioning on the business cycle position of the domestic economy, the relative importance of the two sets of firms - foreign and domestic - exhibits noticeable swings across time. Analogously, the sectoral classification of the firms that in a given month retain the highest predictive power for future IP changes also varies significantly over time as a function of the business cycle position of the domestic economy. Limited to the United States, predictive ability is found to be related to selected balance sheet items, suggesting that structural features differentiate the firms that can anticipate aggregate fluctuations from those that do not help to this aim. Beyond the purely forecasting application, this finding may enhance our understanding of the underlying origins of aggregate fluctuations. We also propose to use the cross sectional stock market information to macro-prudential aims through an economic Value at Risk.
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Entrepreneurial Opportunity and the Formation of Photovoltaic Clusters in Eastern Germany
Matthias Brachert, Christoph Hornych
R. Wüstenhagen, R. Wuebker (Hrsg.), Handbook of Research on Energy Entrepreneurship,
2011
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain the evolution of the spatial structures of one particular type of renewable energy in Germany – the photovoltaic (PV) industry. We first demonstrate how environmental movements have contributed to institutional change and government action, leading to changes in the legal and regulative structure in Germany. We describe how these changes opened up a window of locational opportunity (WLO), thus combining the WLO concept with the entrepreneurial opportunity concept. As market entries occurred mainly in Eastern Germany, the paper also explores the factors leading to a concentration of economic activity related to the new PV industry in this part of the country. Based on the WLO concept, we combine this framework with the industrial dynamics literature by Klepper (2007) and illustrate the spatial evolution of the PV industry.
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Energieeffizienz im Altbau: Werden die Sanierungspotenziale überschätzt?
Claus Michelsen, S. Müller-Michelsen
Moderne Gebäudetechnik,
2011
Abstract
Ein zentrales Element der europäischen Klimaschutzpolitik ist die Reduktion des Energieverbrauches privater Haushalte. Im Fokus stehen dabei Wohnimmobilien, insbesondere im Mehrfamilienhausbestand. Die Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV 2009) fordert deshalb eine deutliche Reduktion des Energiebedarfes bei Sanierungen bzw. beim Neubau von Wohnimmobilien. Allerdings sind diese Vorgaben weitgehend undifferenziert, was Alter und Art einer Immobilie sowie die Marktbedingungen betrifft, unter denen errichtet oder saniert wird. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt auf Grundlage eines umfangreichen Datensatzes des Energiedienstleisters ista Deutschland GmbH, dass die Energiekennwerte von Mehrfamilienhäusern abhängig vom Jahr ihrer Errichtung sowohl im sanierten als auch im unsanierten Zustand deutlich variieren. Die Daten zeigen zudem, dass die allgemein angenommenen Einsparpotenziale, die sich vor allem am technisch Machbaren orientieren, die Realität erheblich überschätzen. So sind die tatsächlichen Verbräuche in unsanierten Immobilien und die unter Marktbedingungen realisierten Energieeinsparungen nach einer Sanierung teilweise deutlich geringer als bisher angenommen. Eine bautechnische und architektonische Betrachtung legt die Vermutung nahe, dass unterschiedliche Sanierungskostenverläufe und die Bestandseigenschaften des Altbaus zu den beobachtbaren Differenzen beitragen. Im Ergebnis sprechen die hier präsentierten Zahlen für eine differenziertere Strategie, die sowohl die Belange der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Sanierungen als auch die Belange des Klimaschutzes und Städtebaus berücksichtigt. Konkret bedeutet dies, dass sich die spezifischen Eigenschaften von Immobilien auch in den rechtlichen Vorgaben und der Förderpolitik niederschlagen sollten, um Investitionsanreize auch tatsächlich zu setzen.
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Informed and Uninformed Investment in Housing: The Downside of Diversification
Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan
Review of Financial Studies,
No. 5,
2011
Abstract
Mortgage lenders that concentrate in a few markets invest more in information collection than diversified lenders. Concentrated lenders focus on the information-intensive jumbo market and on high-risk borrowers. They are better positioned to price risks and, thus, ration credit less. Adverse selection, however, leads to higher retention of mortgages relative to diversified lenders. Finally, concentrated lenders have higher profits than diversified lenders, their profits vary less systematically, and their stock prices fell less during the 2007—2008 credit crisis. The results imply that geographic diversification led to a decline in screening by lenders, which likely played a role in the 2007–2008 crisis.
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The Quantity Theory Revisited: A New Structural Approach
Makram El-Shagi, Sebastian Giesen
Abstract
While the long run relation between money and inflation is well established, empirical evidence on the adjustment to the long run equilibrium is very heterogeneous. In this paper we show, that the development of US consumer price inflation between 1960Q1 and 2005Q4 is strongly driven by money overhang. To this end, we use a multivariate state space framework that substantially expands the traditional vector error correction approach. This approach allows us to estimate the persistent components of velocity and GDP. A sign restriction approach is subsequently used to identify the structural shocks to the signal equations of the state space model, that explain money growth, inflation and GDP growth. We also account for the possibility that measurement error exhibited by simple-sum monetary aggregates causes the consequences of monetary shocks to be improperly identified by using a Divisia monetary aggregate. Our findings suggest that when the money is measured using a reputable index number, the quantity theory holds for the United States.
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The Term Structure of Banking Crisis Risk in the United States: A Market Data Based Compound Option Approach
Stefan Eichler, Alexander Karmann, Dominik Maltritz
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 4,
2011
Abstract
We use a compound option-based structural credit risk model to estimate banking crisis risk for the United States based on market data on bank stocks on a daily frequency. We contribute to the literature by providing separate information on short-term, long-term and total crisis risk instead of a single-maturity risk measure usually inferred by Merton-type models or barrier models. We estimate the model by applying the Duan (1994) maximum-likelihood approach. A strongly increasing total crisis risk estimated from early July 2007 onwards is driven mainly by short-term crisis risk. Banks that defaulted or were overtaken during the crisis have a considerably higher crisis risk (especially higher long-term risk) than banks that survived the crisis.
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Zur Zukunft der Energiepreise: Ergebnisse eines Expertenworkshops am IWH
Sebastian Rosenschon
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
Im Forschungskontext des in der Abteilung Stadtökonomik am IWH durchgeführten Projektes „Energetische Aufwertung und Stadtentwicklung (EASE)“ fand am 10. Dezember 2010 ein Expertenworkshop statt. Ziel des
Workshops war es, die globalen Zusammenhänge im Spannungsfeld zwischen zukünftiger Energienachfrageentwicklung und Energieträgerverfügbarkeit, technologischen Möglichkeiten und den Herausforderungen durch den Klimawandel zu beleuchten. Im Fokus standen dabei die Entwicklung der Energienachfrage der industriell aufstrebenden Nationen China und Indien, die zukünftigen Veränderungen des Energieträgermixes in Deutschland sowie der Einfluss internationaler und nationaler Klimaschutzpolitik. Gemeinsam mit den vortragenden Experten diskutierten Vertreter aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Verbänden und Politik die zu erwartenden Effekte auf die Entwicklung der Energiepreise.
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On the Institutional Safeguarding of Monetary Policy – a Post-Keynesian Perspective
A. Heise, Toralf Pusch
International Journal of Public Policy,
No. 1,
2011
Abstract
The paper takes a fresh look at the governance of the most important macroeconomic objectives: price stability and full employment. On the basis of a post-Keynesian market constellations approach, the necessity and institutional requirements of the coordination of macroeconomic policy areas in general and an optimal central bank setting in particular are analysed, and an amelioration of monetary policy of the neo-Keynesian ‘new macroeconomic consensus’ is provided.
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