The German New Fiscal Rule (Schuldenbremse): Previous Agreements Question Success on the Länder Level
Kristina vanDeuverden, Sabine Freye
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2010
Abstract
Zu Beginn des Jahres 2011 wird in Deutschland eine neue Regel zur Neuverschuldung der öffentlichen Haushalte in Kraft treten – die Schuldenbremse. Wie bei jeder Fiskalregel setzt ihr Gelingen notwendig eine zeitnahe Beobachtung der Haushaltsentwicklung voraus, denn nur so kann Fehlentwicklungen rechtzeitig gegengesteuert werden. Die Evaluierung der öffentlichen Haushalte on Bund und Ländern wurde dem eigens geschaffenen Stabilitätsrat übertragen. Dazu wird er
auf vier Kennzahlen zurückgreifen. Überschreiten diese mehrheitlich in zwei von drei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren die festgelegten Schwellenwerte, wird der Stabilitätsrat prüfen, ob eine Haushaltsnotlage droht. Zwar erscheinen die Kennziffern grundsätzlich geeignet, ein umfassendes Bild der Staatsfinanzen zu zeichnen, allerdings geben die gewählten Schwellenwerte Anlass, am Gelingen der Schuldenbremse zu zweifeln. Jeder der Schwellenwerte orientiert sich an der durchschnittlichen Entwicklung aller Länderhaushalte. Aus diesem Grund müssen die Kennziffern schon extreme Werte annehmen, um als „auffällig“ ausgewiesen zu werden. Die Zielgröße der Schuldenbremse an sich ist der strukturelle Finanzierungssaldo. Dies ist der Haushaltssaldo, der sich ergeben würde, wenn die
Einnahmen und Ausgaben des Staates um konjunkturelle Einflüsse korrigiert werden. Es hätte erwartet werden können, dass diese Zielgröße eine der herangezogenen Kennziffern sein würde. Dem ist nicht so; stattdessen wird der Rat den nominalen Finanzierungssaldo verwenden – bereinigt um bestimmte finanzielle Transaktionen. Letztlich ist dies nur eine Notlösung, denn zur Schätzung des strukturellen Finanzierungssaldos gibt es mehrere Verfahren, und Bund und Länder haben sich bisher auf keine gemeinsame Vorgehensweise geeinigt. Dies ist mehr als bedenklich. Nicht nur, dass der strukturelle Finanzierungssaldo ein wichtiges Kriterium für die Nachhaltigkeit von Finanzpolitik ist. Die Schuldenbremse
kann nicht wirklich in Kraft treten ohne die konzeptionelle Einigung auf eine Schätzmethode. Aus diesem Grund schlägt das IWH ein praktikables Verfahren vor, mit dem die strukturellen Finanzierungssalden der Länder berechnet werden können. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren trägt dabei sowohl den wissenschaftlich-methodischen Anforderungen bei der Konjunkturbereinigung Rechnung als auch
der notwendigen Transparenz, die im politischen und administrativen Prozess unabdingbar ist. Die nach diesem Verfahren geschätzten strukturellen Finanzierungssalden signalisieren vor allem eines: die Finanzpolitik war in den Jahren 1995 bis 2009 nicht nachhaltig und die Ländergesamtheit verschuldete sich in jedem Jahr strukturell. Nach den Kennziffern des Stabilitätsrates ergibt sich jedoch ein anderes Bild. Eine drohende Haushaltsnotlage wäre nur in wenigen Ländern signalisiert worden. Dies zeigt: Soll die Schuldenbremse gelingen, so besteht dringender Handlungsbedarf.
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The Dilemma of Delegating Search: Budgeting in Public Employment Services
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, J. T. Addison, T. Kuhn
IZA Discussion Papers, No. 5170,
No. 5170,
2010
Abstract
The poor performance often attributed to many public employment services may be explained in part by a delegation problem between the central office and local job centers. In markets characterized by frictions, job centers function as match-makers, linking job seekers with relevant vacancies. Because their search intensity in contacting employers and collecting data is not verifiable by the central authority, a typical moral hazard problem can arise. To overcome the delegation problem and provide high-powered incentives for high levels of search effort on the part of job centers, we propose output-related schemes that assign greater staff capacity to agencies achieving high strike rates.
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How Does Industry Specialization Affect the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Annals of Regional Science,
No. 1,
2010
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the specialization of a region in certain industries and the efficiency of the region in generating new knowledge. The efficiency measure is constructed by relating regional R&D input and output. An inversely u-shaped relationship is found between regional specialization and R&D efficiency, indicating the presence of externalities of both Marshall and Jacobs’ type. Further factors influencing efficiency are externalities resulting from high R&D intensity of the local private sector as well as knowledge from local public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors is, however, different for regions at different efficiency levels.
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Going Public to Acquire? The Acquisition Motive in IPOs
Ugur Celikyurt, Merih Sevilir, Anil Shivdasani
Journal of Financial Economics,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Newly public firms make acquisitions at a torrid pace. Their large acquisition appetites reflect the concentration of initial public offerings (IPOs) in mergers and acquisitions-(M&A-) intensive industries, but acquisitions by IPO firms also outpace those by mature firms in the same industry. IPO firms' acquisition activity is fueled by the initial capital infusion at the IPO and through the creation of an acquisition currency used to raise capital for both cash- and stock-financed acquisitions along with debt issuance subsequent to the IPO. IPO firms play a bigger role in the M&A process by participating as acquirers than they do as takeover targets, and acquisitions are as important to their growth as research and development (R&D) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The pattern of acquisitions following an IPO shapes the evolution of ownership structure of newly public firms.
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How an IPO Helps in M&A
Ugur Celikyurt, Merih Sevilir, Anil Shivdasani
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,
No. 2,
2010
Abstract
An initial public offering (IPO) can often provide a powerful stimulus to private companies seeking to pursue an acquisition-driven growth strategy. Based on a comprehensive analysis of U.S. IPOs, the authors show that newly public companies are prolific acquirers. Over 30% of companies conducting an IPO make at least one acquisition in their IPO year, and the typical IPO firm makes about four acquisitions during its first five years as a public company. IPOs facilitate M&A not only by providing infusions of capital but also by creating ongoing access to equity and debt markets for cash-financed deals. In addition, IPOs create an acquisition currency that can prove valuable in stock-financed deals when the shares are attractively priced. The authors also argue that IPOs improve the ability of companies to conduct M&A by resolving some of the valuation uncertainty facing privately held companies.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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What Determines the Innovative Success of Subsidized Collaborative R&D Projects? – Project-Level Evidence from Germany –
Michael Schwartz, François Peglow, Michael Fritsch, Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2010
published in: Technovation
Abstract
Systemic innovation theory emphasizes that innovations are the result of an interdependent exchange process between different organizations. This is reflected in the current paradigm in European innovation policy, which aims at the support of collaborative R&D and innovation projects bringing together science and industry. Building on a large data set using project-level evidence on 406 subsidized R&D cooperation projects, the present paper provides detailed insights on the relationship between the innovative success of R&D cooperation projects and project characteristics. Patent applications and publications are used as measures for direct outcomes of R&D projects. We also differentiate between academic-industry projects and pure inter-firm projects. Main results of negative binomial regressions are that large-firm involvement is positively related to pa-tent applications, but not to publications. Conversely, university involvement has positive effects on project outcomes in terms of publications but not in terms of patent applications. In general, projects’ funding is an important predictor of innovative success of R&D cooperation projects. No significant results are found for spatial proximity among cooperation partners and for the engagement of an applied research institute. Results are discussed with respect to the design of R&D cooperation support schemes.
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Subsidized Vocational Training: Stepping Stone or Trap? An Evaluation Study for East Germany
Eva Dettmann, Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 21,
2009
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze whether the formally equal qualifications acquired during a subsidized vocational education induce equal employment opportunities compared to regular vocational training. Using replacement matching on the basis of a statistical distance function, we are able to control for selection effects resulting from different personal and profession-related characteristics, and thus, to identify an unbiased effect of the public support. Besides the ‘total effect’ of support, it is of special interest if the effect is stronger for subsidized youths in external training compared to persons in workplace-related training. The analysis is based on unique and very detailed data, the Youth Panel of the Halle Centre for Social Research (zsh).
The results show that young people who successfully completed a subsidized vocational education are disadvantaged regarding their employment opportunities even when controlling for personal and profession-related influences on the employment prospects. Besides a quantitative effect, the analysis shows that the graduates of subsidized training work in slightly worse (underqualified) and worse paid jobs than the adolescents in the reference group. The comparison of both types of subsidized vocational training, however, does not confirm the expected stronger effect for youths in external vocational education compared to workplace-related training.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? – A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding –
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 20,
2009
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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