Evaluation of the Main Achievements of Cohesion Policy Programmes over the Longer Term in 15 Selected Regions (from 1989-1993 Programming Period to the Present) (2011.CE.16.B.AT.015): Case Study Sachsen-Anhalt
Marina Grusevaja, Gerhard Heimpold, O. Schwab, K. Schwarze
Analyse: Bewertungen des Programmplanungszeitraums,
2013
Abstract
Sachsen-Anhalt’s regional development has been heavily determined by the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy after German unification in 1990. The process of transition took place during the 1990s as the formal rules associated with a market economy system were adopted. Nevertheless, a number of structural peculiarities which have their roots in the transition period continue to have an impact. This feature is not specific to Sachsen-Anhalt; it concerns all East German regions.
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The manufacturing sector in East German regions 20 years after German Unification – how sustainable is its economic structure?
Gerhard Heimpold
XII Meždunarodnaja naučnaja konferencija po problemam razvitija èkonimiki i obščestva. Red. Jasin, È. G., Nacionalnyj issledovatel’skij universitet /Vysšaja škola èkonomiki. Pri učasti vsemirnogo banka i meždunarodnogo valjutnogo fonda, Izd,
2012
Abstract
Nach einer massiven Deindustrialisierung in den frühen 1990er Jahren hat das ostdeutsche Verarbeitende Gewerbe wieder an Fahrt gewonnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Beitrag die dahinter stehenden intra-industriellen Branchen- und Funktionalstrukturen. Es zeigt sich, dass technologieintensive Zweige und hochwertige Dienstleistungsfunktionen unterrepräsentiert sind. Letzteres ist auch eine Folge des weitergehenden Fehlens von Headquarters in Ostdeutschland.
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Can Korea Learn from German Unification?
Ulrich Blum
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
We first analyze pre-unification similarities and differences between the two Germanys and the two Koreas in terms of demographic, social, political and economic status. An important issue is the degree of international openness. “Stone-age” type communism of North Korea and the seclusion of the population prevented inner-Korean contacts and contacts with rest of the world. This may create enormous adjustment costs if institutions, especially informal institutions, change. We go on by showing how transition and integration interact in a potential unification process based on the World Bank Revised Minimum Standard Model (RMSM) and on the Salter-Swan-Meade model. In doing so, we relate the macro and external impacts on an open economy to its macro-sectoral structural dynamics. The findings suggest that it is of utmost importance to relate microeconomic policies to the macroeconomic ties and side conditions for both parts of the country. Evidence from Germany suggests that the biggest general error in unification was neglecting these limits, especially limitations to policy instruments. Econometric analysis supports these findings. In the empirical part, we consider unification as an “investment” and track down the (by-and-large immediate to medium-term) costs and the (by-and-large long-term) benefits of retooling a retarded communist economy. We conclude that, from a South-Korean
perspective, the Korean unification will become relatively much more expensive than the German unification and, thus, not only economic, but to a much larger degree political considerations must include the tying of neighboring countries into the convergence process. We finally provide, 62 years after Germany’s division and 20 years after unification, an outlook on the strength of economic inertia in order to show that it may take much more than a generation to compensate the damage inflicted by the communist system.
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Challenges for Future Regional Policy in East Germany. Does East Germany really show Characteristics of Mezzogiorno?
Mirko Titze
A. Kuklinski; E. Malak-Petlicka; P. Zuber (eds), Souther Italy – Eastern Germany – Eastern Poland. The Triple Mezzogiorno? Ministry of Regional Development,
2010
Abstract
Despite extensive government support the gap between East and West Germany has still not been successfully closed nearly 20 years post German unification. Hence, some economists tend to compare East Germany with Mezzogiorno – underdeveloped Southern Italy. East Germany is still subject to sever structural problems in comparison to West Germany: lower per capita income, lower productivity, higher unemployment rates, fewer firm headquarters and fewer innovation activities. There are East German regions with less than desirable rates of development. Nevertheless, the new federal states have shown some evidence of a convergence process. Some regions have developed very positively – they have improved their competitiveness and employment levels. As such, the comparison of East Germany with Mezzogiorno does not seem applicable today.
According to Neoclassical Growth Theory, regional policy is targeted enhancing investment (hereafter the notion ‘investment policy’ is used). has been the most important instrument in forcing the ‘reconstruction of the East’. Overall, the investment policy is seen as having been successful. It is not, however, the only factor influencing regional development – political policy makers noted in the mid 1990s that research and development (R&D) activities and regional concentrated production networks, amongst other factors, may also play a part. The investment policy instrument has therefore been adjusted. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that investment policy may fail in particular cases because it contains potentially conflicting targets. A ‘better road’ for future regional policy may lie in the support of regional production and innovation networks – the so-called industrial clusters. These clusters would need to be exactingly identified however to ensure effective and efficient cluster policies.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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Concerning the development of the debt level of the New Länder since the German unification
Sabine Freye
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit - Teil 2 -
2010
Abstract
Die öffentliche Verschuldung ist deutschlandweit seit den 1990er Jahren deutlich angestiegen. Besonders stark fällt der Zuwachs in den Neuen Ländern aus. Diese waren durch die Bündelung der DDR-Altschulden im Kreditabwicklungsfonds nach der Deutschen Einheit fast schuldenfrei. Heute, 20 Jahre später, weisen einzelne Neue Länder einen Schuldenstand aus, der über dem Durchschnittswert aller Bundesländer liegt. Die Hintergründe für diese Entwicklung sind komplex und teilweise auch der individuellen Situation der einzelnen Länder geschuldet. Allgemein kann die stark angestiegene Verschuldung der Neuen Flächenländer in den 1990er Jahren auf die – aus heutiger Sicht – zu optimistische Einschätzung der Angleichung der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkraft der Neuen an die Alten Länder zurückgeführt werden. Darüber hinaus waren die Neuen Flächenländer un-terschiedlich stark vom transformationsbedingten strukturellen Umbruch und den daraus resultierenden Schwierigkeiten bei der Marktanpassung betroffen.
In Sachsen-Anhalt, das die höchsten Verschuldungskennzahlen der Neuen Länder aufweist, führte beispielsweise der Zusammenbruch der Grundstoffindustrie zu einer überdurchschnittlich hohen regionalen Arbeitslosigkeit und zu einer massiven Abwanderung der Bevölkerung. Noch immer hat Sachsen-Anhalt bundesweit den größten negativen Wanderungssaldo. Die Verschuldung des Landes, beispielsweise gemessen am Schuldenstand je Einwohner, steigt somit allein schon durch den Bevölkerungsverlust.
Ungeachtet dieser landesspezifischen Besonderheiten des Transformationsprozesses hat um die Jahrtausendwende bei allen Neuen Ländern eine schrittweise Veränderung in der Einstellung und im Umgang mit den vorhandenen Schulden eingesetzt. Die Haushaltskonsolidierung gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ihre Umsetzung wurde außerdem durch den konjunkturellen Aufschwung der Jahre 2006 und 2007 unterstützt. Gegenwärtig werden die Konsolidierungsbemühungen der Länder allerdings durch die Wirtschaftskrise auf die Probe gestellt.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? – A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding –
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 20,
2009
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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The Standing of the East German Cities within the German System of Cities: An Interim Review on the Basis of Economic Indicators 20 Years after the German Unification
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit - Teil 1 -
2009
Abstract
Viele vereinigungsbedingte Hoffnungen der Ostdeutschen waren 1990 nicht nur auf eine Mehrung des persönlichen Wohlstands, sondern auch auf eine Verbesserung der Lage ihrer Städte gerichtet. Dies ist Anlass, die 13 größten Städte der Neuen Länder (ohne Berlin) mit ähnlich großen Städten in drei Regionen der Alten Länder (Süd-, Norddeutschland, Nordrhein-Westfalen) hinsichtlich ihrer wirtschaftlichen und finanziellen Lage zu vergleichen. Die für den Vergleich herangezogenen Indikatoren ergeben ein differenziertes Bild. Das in den ostdeutschen Städten erwirtschaftete Pro-Kopf-Einkommen liegt im Durchschnitt noch unter dem der westdeutschen Städte, und die Arbeitslosenquote ist nach wie vor in den ostdeutschen Städten am höchsten. Sie verfügen jedoch über verschiedene gute Voraussetzungen für die künftige Steigerung ihres wirtschaftlichen Ergebnisses: Dies gilt vor allem für die Qualifikation der Beschäftigten und für die Präsenz öffentlicher Forschung. Beide Indikatoren verhelfen den ostdeutschen Städten zu deutlichen Vorteilen gegenüber den Ruhrgebietsstädten. Dagegen erschweren die geringe Größe der Unternehmen und der zu geringe Besatz mit Unternehmens-Headquartern das weitere Wachstum. Im Unterschied zu den westdeutschen Städten haben die ostdeutschen Städte sehr geringe eigene Steuereinnahmen und sind stark von Finanzzuweisungen abhängig. Der vormals den Finanzspielraum einengende hohe Anteil an Personalausgaben konnte zwischenzeitlich reduziert werden. Angesichts der Fülle an Problemen, mit denen die ostdeutschen Städte in der Vergangenheit konfrontiert waren, ist der bisher erreichte fortgeschrittene Stand des Aufholprozesses hervorzuheben.
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Keeping the Bubble Alive! The Effects of Urban Renewal and Demolition Subsidies in the East German Housing Market
Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2009
Abstract
German urban renewal programs are favoring the cities in the Eastern part since the re-unification in 1990. This was accompanied additionally by attractive tax incentives, designed as an accelerated declining balance method of depreciation for housing investments during the late 1990s. The accumulated needs for comfortable housing after 40 years of a disastrous housing policy of the GDR era were generally accepted as justification for the subvention policy. But various subsidies and tax incentives caused a construction boom, false allocations, and a price bubble in Eastern Germany. After recognizing that the expansion of housing supply was not in line with the demographic development and that high vacancy rates were jeopardizing housing companies and their financial backers, policy changed in 2001. Up to now, the government provides demolition grants to reduce the vast oversupply. By means of a real option approach, it is ex-plained how different available forms of subsidies and economic incentives for landlords lift real estate values. The option value representing growth expectations and opportunities is calculated as an observable market value less an estimated fundamental value. Empirical results disclose higher option premiums for cities in Eastern Germany and a strong correlation of the option premium with urban renewal spending.
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A Study of the Competitiveness of Regions based on a Cluster Analysis: The Example of East Germany
Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 179,
2003
Abstract
This paper examines whether some East German regions have already achieved the same economic capability as the regions in West Germany, so that they are on a competitive basis with the West German regions and are able to reach the same economic level in the long run. If this is not the case, it is important to know more about the reasons for the economic weakness of the East German regions twelve years after unification.
The study is based on a cluster analysis. Criteria for the cluster formation are several economic indicators, which provide information about the economic capability of regions. The choice of the indicators is based on a review of results of the theoretical and empirical literature on the new growth theory and new economic geography.
The results show that most of the East German regions have not yet reached the economic capability and competitiveness of their West German counterparts so that they - from the viewpoint of the new growth theory and the new economic geography - are not in the position to reach the same economic level. According to these theories economic disadvantages are most notably the consequences of less technical progress, a lack of entrepreneurship and fewer business concentration. Under these points it is especially noteworthy that young well educated people leave these East German regions so that human capital might will turn into a bottle-neck in the near future. Only a few regions in East Germany - those with important agglomerations - are comparable to West German regions that are characterised by average capability and competitiveness, but not to those with above average economic capability and competitiveness. Even those more advanced East German regions still suffer from a slower technical progress.
There are important policy implications based on these results: regional policy in East Germany was not able to assist raising all regions to a sufficient level of competitiveness. It may be more effective to concentrate the regional policy efforts on a selection of important agglomerations. This has also strong implications for the EU regional policy assuming that the accession countries will have similar problems in catching up to the economic level of the EU as have the East German regions.
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