Sign Restrictions, Structural Vector Autoregressions, and Useful Prior Information
Christiane Baumeister, James D. Hamilton
Econometrica,
No. 5,
2015
Abstract
This paper makes the following original contributions to the literature. (i) We develop a simpler analytical characterization and numerical algorithm for Bayesian inference in structural vector autoregressions (VARs) that can be used for models that are overidentified, just‐identified, or underidentified. (ii) We analyze the asymptotic properties of Bayesian inference and show that in the underidentified case, the asymptotic posterior distribution of contemporaneous coefficients in an n‐variable VAR is confined to the set of values that orthogonalize the population variance–covariance matrix of ordinary least squares residuals, with the height of the posterior proportional to the height of the prior at any point within that set. For example, in a bivariate VAR for supply and demand identified solely by sign restrictions, if the population correlation between the VAR residuals is positive, then even if one has available an infinite sample of data, any inference about the demand elasticity is coming exclusively from the prior distribution. (iii) We provide analytical characterizations of the informative prior distributions for impulse‐response functions that are implicit in the traditional sign‐restriction approach to VARs, and we note, as a special case of result (ii), that the influence of these priors does not vanish asymptotically. (iv) We illustrate how Bayesian inference with informative priors can be both a strict generalization and an unambiguous improvement over frequentist inference in just‐identified models. (v) We propose that researchers need to explicitly acknowledge and defend the role of prior beliefs in influencing structural conclusions and we illustrate how this could be done using a simple model of the U.S. labor market.
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Competitive Distortions of Bank Bailouts
Michael Koetter, Felix Noth
Abstract
This study investigates if the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) distorted price competition in U.S. banking. Political indicators reveal bailout expectations after 2009, manifested as beliefs about the predicted probability of receiving equity support relative to failing during the TARP disbursement period. In addition, the TARP affected the competitive conduct of unsupported banks after the program stopped in the fourth quarter of 2009. Loan rates were higher, and the risk premium required by depositors was lower for banks with higher bailout expectations. The interest margins of unsupported banks increased in the immediate aftermath of the TARP disbursement but not after 2010. No effects emerged for loan or deposit growth, which suggests that protected banks did not increase their market shares at the expense of less protected banks.
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The Diffusion of Microgeneration Technologies. Assessing the Influence of Perceived Product Characteristics on Home Owners' Willingness to Pay
Marius Claudy, Claus Michelsen, A. O´Driscol
Energy Policy,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
This study presents empirical insight into willingness to pay (WTP) for microgeneration technologies and the relative influence of subjective consumer perceptions. First, we apply a double-bounded-contingent valuation method to elicit Irish home owners’ willingness to pay for micro wind turbines, wood pellet boilers, solar panels and solar water heaters. Utilizing findings from the adoption of innovation literature, in a second step, we assess the influence of different antecedents on WTP for each of the four technologies, including (1) home owners’ perception of product characteristics, (2) normative influences, and (3) socio demographic characteristics. Our results show that WTP varies significantly between the four technologies. More importantly, however, home owners’ hold different beliefs about the respective technologies, which significantly influence their WTP. The results provide valuable information for marketers and policy makers, aiming to promote microgeneration technologies more effectively in consumer markets.
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Does Post-Crisis Restructuring Decrease the Availability of Banking Services? The Case of Turkey
H. Evren Damar
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between post-crisis bank consolidation and the number of bank branches in Turkey. Using a unique data set, the analysis addresses several issues related to the impact of market characteristics on branching behavior. The findings suggest that sales of failed institutions by the central authority lead to branch closures in small and uncompetitive markets where the buyer does not have a prior presence. Contrary to popular belief, mergers between healthy institutions do not always cause a decrease in the number of branches; rather, they are shown to increase the availability of banking services in concentrated markets.
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Aktuelle Trends: IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland Wirtschaftlicher Aufschwung setzt sich moderat fort
Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2007
Abstract
Die Aufwärtsbewegung der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft hält an, wenngleich sich das Expansionstempo in den ersten Monaten des Jahres abgeschwächt hat. Während das produzierende Gewerbe seinen Höhenflug fortsetzte, bremste der Handel den Produktionsanstieg erwartungsgemäß. Mit der Anhebung der Mehrwertsteuer sank der Umsatz im Einzelhandel drastisch. Die in das Jahr 2006 vorgezogenen Käufe fehlten jetzt und der steuerinduzierte Preisanstieg dämpfte die Kauflust, obgleich mit einiger Verzögerung. Dagegen erhöhte sich die Industrieproduktion in den ostdeutschen Flächenländern ohne Unterbrechung, und sie stieg erneut kräftiger als in den alten Bundesländern. Ihr Zuwachs belief sich im ersten Quartal gegenüber den Monaten Oktober bis Dezember auf rund 4%. Auch das Baugewerbe trug zum Produktionsanstieg bei. Begünstigt durch die milde Witterung konnten die hohen Auftragsbestände aus dem vergangenen Jahr in den Wintermonaten abgearbeitet werden. Zuwächse kamen auch aus dem unternehmensnahen Dienstleistungsbereich.
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Innovation cooperation: experiences from East and West Germany
Jutta Günther
Science and Public Policy,
2004
Abstract
This paper deals with innovation cooperation as a means to support the ongoing catch-up process of the East German economy. Against prevalent beliefs, it can be shown that East German enterprises are more often involved in innovation co-operation than West German firms, and differences in cooperation partner priorities only reflect the given structural differences between the two regions. While cooperating enterprises in East and West Germany are clearly more innovative than their non-cooperating counterparts, a productivity advantage of these firms is (so far) only observable in West Germany. Reasons for this surprising finding are discussed.
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Current Trends - Tourist Intensity in East Germany Higher than in the West for the Second Time
Siegfried Beer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2003
Abstract
Im Jahr 2002 haben die neuen Bundesländer erneut ihre gestiegene Anziehungskraft für Besucher und Gäste unter Beweis gestellt. Nach den vorliegenden amtlichen Daten für den Zeitraum von Januar bis November 2002 kann von rund 61 Millionen Über-nachtungen für das gesamte Jahr in den Betrieben des Gastgewerbes (einschließlich Berlin-Ost) ausgegangen werden. Erfasst werden sie in den Betrieben mit neun und mehr Gästebetten. Die Touris-musintensität, gemessen an der Zahl der Übernachtungen je 1 000 Einwohner, war damit zum zweiten Male größer als in Westdeutschland. Im Durchschnitt weilten die Gäste in den verschiedenen Einrichtungen wie Hotels, Pensionen, Ferienhäuser und -wohnungen sowie Jugendherbergen 3,2 Tage, in Westdeutschland 3,0 Tage. Die durchschnittliche Auslastung der Kapazitäten (angebotene Betten) war mit ca. 36% weiterhin geringer als in Westdeutschland; dort belief sie sich auf etwa 37%.
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