Search Results

All
Data Type
Topic
Year
Refresh

03.05.2016 • 20/2016

Are Lacking Structural Reforms in the Financial Sector the Underlying Reason for the German Criticism of the ECB?

The major reason for the intense criticism of the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) low-interest-rate policy may be the lack of structural reforms in the German banking system. The resulting persistent fragmentation increases the banking sector’s vulnerability to the low-interest-rate environment. Hence, parts of the banking sector, due to their strong ties to politicians, appear to have successfully influenced public opinion against the ECB.

Reint E. Gropp
Read

Structural Reforms in Banking: The Role of Trading

Jan Pieter Krahnen, Felix Noth, Ulrich Schüwer
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 9, 2016
published in: Journal of Financial Regulation
Abstract
In the wake of the recent financial crisis, significant regulatory actions have been taken aimed at limiting risks emanating from trading in bank business models. Prominent reform proposals are the Volcker Rule in the U.S., the Vickers Report in the UK, and, based on the Liikanen proposal, the Barnier proposal in the EU. A major element of these reforms is to separate “classical” commercial banking activities from securities trading activities, notably from proprietary trading. While the reforms are at different stages of implementation, there is a strong ongoing discussion on what possible economic consequences are to be expected. The goal of this paper is to look at the alternative approaches of these reform proposals and to assess their likely consequences for bank business models, risk-taking and financial stability. Our conclusions can be summarized as follows: First, the focus on a prohibition of only proprietary trading, as envisaged in the current EU proposal, is inadequate. It does not necessarily reduce risk-taking and it likely crowds out desired trading activities, thereby negatively affecting financial stability. Second, there is potentially a better solution to limit excessive trading risk at banks in terms of potential welfare consequences: Trading separation into legally distinct or ring-fenced entities within the existing banking organizations. This kind of separation limits cross-subsidies between banking and proprietary trading and diminishes contagion risk, while still allowing for synergies across banking, non-proprietary trading and proprietary trading.
Read article

EFN Report Spring 2015: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, No. 2, 2015
Abstract
Recent movements on world markets for commodities, currencies and capital stimulate the world economy, but they entail also considerable risks: income losses of energy exporting countries might trigger financial crises with worldwide repercussions; crises might also emerge from financial distress of emerging market debtors with liabilities denominated in US dollars. Extremely low interest rates might not only trigger stock and bond price booms, but also more volatility if investors become fearful of financial bubbles. Quite a few conditions are highly beneficial for a recovery of the euro area economy: governments and large corporations benefit from ultra-low bond yields, banks’ composite costs of debt financing have been converging during the past two years to very low levels, and borrowing costs for non-financial corporations have come down markedly. Prices for stocks, bonds and (on average) houses have gone up. Real disposable incomes of private households have risen due to oil prices. The real effective exchange rate is about 10% lower in March 2015 than it was a year ago, strengthening the price competitiveness of firms in the euro area. According to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.6% in 2015 and by 2.1% in 2016. Structural impediments, however, still limit the ability of the euro area economy to grow strongly: firms and, in particular, private households are only slowly reducing their heavy debt burdens, and confidence will not fully come back in France and Italy, as long as reform processes are inconclusive in both countries and as long as unemployment is not coming down markedly. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.1%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.3%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for continued monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus, in particular in those countries where the implementation of structural reforms brings long term gains but short term losses.
Read article

EFN Report Winter 2014/15: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, No. 1, 2015
Abstract
At the beginning of the year 2015 crude oil is, with little more than 50 dollars per barrel (Brent), about 50% cheaper than in the summer 2014. The oil price hike is a stimulus for the whole world economy, even though the gains of energy users are matched by losses of the suppliers: oil producing countries frequently run high current account surpluses vis-à-vis the rest of the world. It is therefore plausible to assume that, reacting to the redistribution of incomes, the oil user countries will increase their spending by more than what will be lost in spending by producers. Investment activity in the euro area has recently been particularly weak. Remarkably, investment in Greece, Portugal, and Spain, i.e. in countries that had to accept international support during the euro crisis, has strengthened. The setback took place in the so-called core countries, including Germany. Consumption growth was also subdued. Lower oil prices, by increasing real incomes of consumers and lowering production costs for firms, should increase private consumption and, in particular, investment. Moreover, the depreciation of the euro will favour exports. Overall, according to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.3% in 2015 and by 1.6% in 2016. GDP growth is about 0.3 percentage points higher due to the impact of lower oil prices in 2015. However, these forecasts are subject to substantial uncertainty, and we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate during the forecasting horizon. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.3%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.1%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for further monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus. The expansionary cyclical policies should be combined with more structural reforms to enhance the competitiveness of the euro area and its growth potential, which in our forecasts remains quite limited. In fact, we expect potential output to grow by only 0.4% both in 2015 and 2016.
Read article

Municipal Size, Administrative Structure and Election Turnout: Consequences of Municipal Reform for the Legitimisation of Political Decision-making Processes

Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Claus Michelsen
Gebiets- und Verwaltungsstrukturen im Umbruch: Beiträge zur Reformdiskussion aus Erfahrungen in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen, No. 360, 2015
Abstract
In der politischen Diskussion wird immer wieder gefordert, die Gemeinden von ihrem Gebietszuschnitt her zu vergrößern und auf eine verwaltungsmäßige interne Untergliederung der kommunalen Einheiten zu verzichten, mithin das Modell der sogenannten Einheitsgemeinden und nicht jenes der föderativ verfassten Gemeinden zu verwirklichen. Dabei werden die „Kosten“ im Sinne von volkswirtschaftlichen Nachteilen dieses zentralistischen Modells zumeist nur am Rande erwähnt, was nicht zuletzt den Problemen der Quantifizierbarkeit dieser Kosten geschuldet ist. Der Beitrag unternimmt den Versuch einer entsprechenden Quantifizierung für einen Teilaspekt der volkswirtschaftlichen Nachteile von größeren und stärker zentralisierten kommunalen Einheiten, nämlich deren negativen Effekte auf die Höhe der Wahlbeteiligung. Im Ergebnis der empirischen Untersuchungen kann gezeigt werden, dass die theoretischen Vermutungen zutreffend sind, wonach (1.) die Wahl der Organisation kommunaler Verwaltungseinheiten Auswirkungen auf die Wahlbeteiligung hat, und (2.) der Organisationstyp der Einheitsgemeinden im Vergleich zu föderativ organisierten Gemeindetypen zu einer deutlich geringeren Wahlbeteiligung führt.
Read article

Einführung: Strukturen der öffentlichen Verwaltung und Raumentwicklung – Allgemeine Zusammenhänge und Ansätze zu ihrer Erforschung im Überblick

Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Gebiets- und Verwaltungsstrukturen im Umbruch: Beiträge zur Reformdiskussion aus Erfahrungen in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen, No. 360, 2015
Abstract
Weitgehende Maßnahmen zum Umbau der Verwaltung werden vielfach mit dem demographischen Wandel sowie der Finanznot der Kommunen und der Länder begründet. Nur mit größeren Einheiten, so die Argumentation, könnte in Zukunft noch ein qualitativ hochwertiges kommunales Leistungsangebot zu vertretbaren Kosten gewährleistet werden. Die Tendenz zur Vergrößerung kommunaler Einheiten passt in das Gesamtbild der in Deutschland seit 1945 praktizierten Maßnahmen im Bereich der Kommunalreform, die bislang überwiegend mit Konzentrations- und Zentralisationsbestrebungen verbunden waren. Im Gesamtspektrum von Verwaltungsreformen sind Gebietsneugliederungen allerdings nur ein Element: Die Reform des Bestands an öffentlichen Aufgaben (Aufgabenkritik), die Verlagerung von Zuständigkeiten zwischen den Ebenen (Funktionalreform) sowie eine Veränderung der Festlegung der Finanzierungsregelungen in Bezug auf die dem öffentlichen Sektor übertragenen Leistungen (Finanzierungsreform) sind weitere Elemente einer Verwaltungs(neu)gliederung. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung enthält die Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe „Verwaltungs- und Gebietsreformen“ (AG VGR) der Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen der Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL). Ein wesentliches Anliegen der AG VGR bestand darin, mehr Licht in die raumbezogenen Wirkungszusammenhänge von Maßnahmen zur Verwaltungsreform zu bringen, denn speziell empirisch gut gesicherte Befunde sind eher spärlich und lassen zahlreiche Fragen offen.
Read article

EFN Report Summer 2013: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2013 and 2014

, 2013
Abstract
The structural problems in emerging economies, the still mild recovery in the USA and the on-going crisis in the euro area will probably keep world economic growth subdued at least for the rest of 2013. Current and expected future monetary policy in Japan and, in particular, in the USA have heightened volatility in global bond and stock markets, including those of the euro area, though much less than during the crisis episodes. The process of consolidation of public finance in many euro area countries has become slightly less ambitious but it will continue to weigh on the economy in 2013, though less than in 2012. For this reason and for the lower expected global growth, we have revised downward our GDP forecasts for 2013 from previous reports. Now, we expect GDP to be -0.5 per cent lower in 2013 than in 2012, with considerable risks of an even stronger contraction. In 2014, when fiscal policy might be close to neutral, and if reforms continue to be, by and large, successfully implemented, the euro area economy should start to close its wide output gap with an expected GDP growth of about 1.2%, again subject to downwards risks. Moreover, this will not be sufficient to lower the unemployment rate, which actually could further increase to about 12.5%. The interest rates cut in May 2013 shows the will of the ECB to keep monetary policy expansive, but credit conditions and lending rates remain quite heterogeneous across the member countries. Despite the interest rate cut, euro area inflation is still very likely to remain significantly below the ECB target throughout our forecasting period. Our inflation expectations for 2013 have moderated to a y-o-y rate of 1.5%, and they remain subdued also in 2014, at about 1.4%.
Read article

EFN Report Spring 2012: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2012 and 2013

, 2012
Abstract
In the first months of 2012 there were some mild signs of improvement in the world economy, to a large degree due to political measures taken in the euro area at the end of 2011. In particular, the ECB secured financing of banks by offering liquidity for as longs as three years and by easing standards for collateral. However, the southern countries of the euro area will stay in recession for most of the year 2012: planned fiscal consolidation in Spain and Italy has a magnitude of about 3% relative to GDP, in Portugal and Greece the restriction is even larger. The structural reforms need time to take beneficial effects, and the real sector is largely out of reach of the expansive monetary policy.
Read article

A Macroeconomist’s View on EU Governance Reform: Why and How to Establish Policy Coordination?

Hubert Gabrisch
Economic Annals, No. 191, 2011
Abstract
This paper discusses the need for macroeconomic policy coordination in the E(M)U. Coordination of national policies with cross-border effects does not exist at the macroeconomic level, although requested by the EU Treaty. The need for coordination stems from current account imbalances, which origin in market-induced capital flows, destabilizing the real exchange rates between low and high wage countries. The recent attempts of the Commission and the European Council to reform E(M)U governance do not address this problem and thus remain incapable to protect against future instability.
Read article

Africa and the Global Financial Crisis - Impact on Economic Reform Processes

R. Adelou Alabi, J. Alemazung, Achim Gutowski, Robert Kappel, Tobias Knedlik, O. Osnachi Uzor, Karl Wohlmuth, Hans H. Bass
African Development Perspectives Yearbook, Vol. 15, 2011
Abstract
In volume XV of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook, the Research Group on African Development Perspectives investigates the impact of the GFC on economic reform processes in Africa. The analysis is structured in such a way so as to reflect the opportunities and dangers of policy reversals in the face of the GFC. The impact of the crisis on different types and forms of governance in the region is considered. The first question is therefore which macro-economic policy instruments have to be applied in order to overcome the crisis and to continue with sustainable development. The second question is how the GFC has affected Africa's external economic relations and if the path of opening up to the world markets is continued. The third question raised is how the crisis has affected social cohesion, impacted on poverty alleviation strategies and the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). All these questions are discussed in the various contributions which comprise general studies and country case studies. The authors also looked into the role of international financial institutions during and after the crisis. The volume XV of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook is structured into three Units. Unit 1 addresses general issues regarding the impact of the GFC on reform processes in Africa. Unit 2 presents case studies from countries and sub-regions. Unit 3 presents reviews and book notes of current literature focusing on issues of African development perspectives.
Read article
Mitglied der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft LogoTotal-Equality-LogoSupported by the BMWK