What Drives FDI in Central-eastern Europe? Evidence from the IWH-FDI-Micro Database
Andrea Gauselmann, Mark Knell, Johannes Stephan
Post-Communist Economies,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
The focus of this paper is on the match between strategic motives of foreign investments into Central-Eastern Europe and locational advantages offered by these countries. Our analysis makes use of the IWH-FDI-Micro Database, a unique dataset that contains information from 2009 about the determinants of locational factors, technological activity of the subsidiaries, and the potentials for knowledge spillovers in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. The analysis suggests that investors in these countries are mainly interested in low (unit) labour costs coupled with a well-trained and educated workforce and an expanding market with the high growth rates in the purchasing power of potential buyers. It also suggests that the financial crisis reduced the attractiveness of the region as a source for localised knowledge and technology. There appears to be a match between investors’ expectations and the quantitative supply of unqualified labour, not however for the supply of medium qualified workers. But the analysis suggests that it is not technology-seeking investments that are particularly content with the capabilities of their host economies in terms of technological cooperation. Finally, technological cooperation within the local host economy is assessed more favourably with domestic firms than with local scientific institutions – an important message for domestic economic policy.
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Subsidiary Roles, Vertical Linkages and Economic Development: Lessons from Transition Economies
Björn Jindra, Axèle Giroud, J. Scott-Kennel
Journal of World Business,
2009
Abstract
Vertical supply chain linkages between foreign subsidiaries and domestic ?rms are important mechanisms for knowledge spillovers, contributing to the economic development of host economies. This paper argues that subsidiary roles and technological competences affect the extent of vertical linkages as such as well as their potential for technological spillovers. Using survey evidence from 424 foreign subsidiaries based in transition economies, we tested for the effect of subsidiaries’ autonomy, initiative, technological capability, internal and external technological embeddedness on the extent and intensity of forward and backward vertical linkages. The evidence supports our main argument that the potential of technology diffusion via vertical linkages depends on the nature of subsidiary roles. We discuss the implications for transition as well as other developing countries.
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The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from manufacturing industries
Jutta Günther, Johannes Stephan, Björn Jindra
Applied Economics Quarterly Supplement,
No. 59,
2008
Abstract
Die Veröffentlichung analysiert das Ausmaß technologischer Leistungsfähigkeit auf ausländische Tochtergesellschaften, welche in Ostdeutschland angesiedelt sind. Darüber hinaus betrachtet es Determinanten des technologischen Beschaffungsverhaltens ausländischer Tochtergesellschaften. Die Theorie der internationalen Produktion unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit von Variablen auf der strategischen und regionalen Ebene. Dennoch lassen existierende empirische Studien im Großen und Ganzen Faktoren auf regionaler Ebene aus. Wir entnehmen die Studienergebnisse aus der „ADI Mikrodatenbank“ des IWH, welche erst seit kurzem zur Verfügung steht, um die Analyse durchzuführen. Wir fanden heraus, dass ausländische Tochtergesellschaften im Vergleich zum gesamten verarbeitenden Gewerbe in Ostdeutschland überdurchschnittlich technologisch aktiv sind. Dies kann teilweise durch die industrielle Struktur der ausländischen Direktinvestitionen erklärt werden. Dennoch bezieht nur ein begrenzter Teil ausländischer Tochtergesellschaften mit F&E und/oder Innovationsaktivitäten technologisches Wissen aus dem ostdeutschen Innovationssystem. Wenn eine Tochtergesellschaft die Strategie der Kompetenzvermehrung verfolgt oder lokalen Handel betreibt, dann bezieht sie eher technologisches Wissen lokal. Die Ausstattung einer Region mit Humankapital und wissenschaftlicher Infrastruktur hat ebenfalls einen positiven Effekt. Diese Ergebnisse lassen schlussfolgern, dass ausländische Tochtergesellschaften in Ostdeutschland nur teilweise mit dem regionalen Innovationssystem verbunden sind. Strategien werden diskutiert.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from Manufacturing Industries
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
This paper analyses the extent of technological capability of foreign subsidiaries located in East Germany, and looks at the determinants of foreign subsidiaries’ technological sourcing behaviour. The theory of international production underlines the importance of strategic and regional level variables. However, existing empirical approaches omit by and large regional level factors. We employ survey evidence from the “FDI micro data- base” of the IWH, that was only recently made available, to conduct our analyses. We find that foreign subsidiaries are above average technologically active in comparison to the whole East German manufacturing. This can be partially explained by the industrial structure of foreign direct investment. However, only a limited share of foreign subsidiaries with R&D and/or innovation activity source technological knowledge from the East German innovation system. If a subsidiary follows a competence augmenting strategy or does local trade, it is more likely to source technological knowledge locally. The endowment of a region with human capital and a scientific infrastructure has a positive effect too. The findings suggest that foreign subsidiaries in East Germany are only partially linked with the regional innovation system. Policy implications are discussed.
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Knowledge complementarity and productivity growth within foreign subsidiaries in Central and Eastern Europe
Björn Jindra
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
Multinationale Unternehmen haben sich in Mittelund Osteuropa angesiedelt, um zum einen am Markt präsent zu sein und zum anderen den Standort als Basis für den internationalen Handel zu nutzen. Marktpräsenz hat sich als Motiv für Neuansiedlungen weitestgehend erschöpft. Zeitgleich konkurriert Mittel- und Osteuropa verstärkt mit asiatischen Ökonomien als Produktionsstandort. Die Ressource Wissen stellt ein zusätzliches entscheidendes Motiv für Investitionen dar. Multinationale Unternehmen übertragen spezifisches Wissen an einen anderen Unternehmensteil, damit dieser seine Funktion innerhalb des Konzerns erfüllen kann. Der effiziente Transfer kann durch die Beschaffenheit des Wissens, geographische und sprachliche Barrieren aber auch durch unzureichende absorptive Kapazität im Tochterunternehmen behindert werden. D. h., Tochterunternehmen müssen komplementäres Wissen und Fähigkeiten besitzen, um das externe Wissen produktiv absorbieren zu können. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht anhand eines Mikrodatensatzes in fünf EU-Beitrittsländern den Zusammenhang zwischen komplementärem Wissen und Produktivitätswachstum. Es kann festgestellt werde, daß ausländische Tochterbetriebe von direktem Wissenstransfer profitieren und lokales Wissen ebenfalls einen positiven Effekt auf das Produktivitätswachstum hat. Es werden zwei dominierende Typen der Wissenskomplementarität identifiziert. Bei Typ (I) transferiert der ausländische Investor technologisches Kernwissen und das Tochterunternehmen besitzt komplementäres Wissen in der Anwendung. Bei Typ (II) ist technologisches Kernwissen auf Mutter- und Tochterunternehmen komplementär verteilt. Aus der Forschung kann geschlußfolgert werden, daß es für die Länder Mittel- und Osteuropas von Bedeutung ist, die Humankapitalbasis ausreichend zu entwickeln, um in Zukunft nicht vom technologischen Wissenstransfer durch ausländische Investitionen ausgeschlossen zu werden.
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A strategy view on knowledge in the MNE – Integrating Subsidiary Roles and Knowledge Flows
Björn Jindra
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
We assume knowledge inflows endogenous to subsidiary roles. Integrating organisational and knowledge-based views we propose a new subsidiary typology based on MNE integration-subsidiary capability. We hypothesise that both dimensions are positively associated with knowledge inflows into the focal subsidiary. This prediction is tested with data for 425 subsidiaries. The key findings were: (a) the extent for knowledge inflows differs significantly across all subsidiary roles; (c) it diminishes in a anti-clockwise direction starting in the high integration-high capability quadrant of the IC taxonomy; thus (b) both MNE integration and subsidiary capability drive knowledge inflows, although, the balance shifts more towards integration.
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Knowledge Transfer to MNE Subsidiaries in Central and East Europe - Integrating Knowledge-based and Organisational Perspectives: An Introduction, Special Edition
Johannes Stephan, Björn Jindra
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
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Industry Level Technology Gaps and Complementary Knowledge Stocks as Determinants of Intra-MNC Knowledge Flows
Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Pursuing a subsidiary level analysis, we this paper tests the ‘technology gap’ hypothesis in the context of intra-MNC knowledge flows. Furthermore, it introduces complementary knowledge stocks into the concept of absorptive capacity. A set of hypotheses is tested in sample 434 foreign subsidiaries based in Central and East Europe. We find partial support for the ‘technology gap’ hypothesis applied at industry level. Furthermore, subsidiaries’ complementary knowledge stocks increase the probability for corresponding knowledge inflows from the foreign parent.
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The Potentials for Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investement in Central and East Europe - Results of a Field Study
Judit Hamar, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment plays a particularly crucial role for the processes of technological catch-up in Central East Europe. Whilst most countries of this region have received considerable direct investments, the composition of kinds of subsidiaries is different between countries and hence will the prospects for intense technology transfer also differ between countries. This contribution aims to compare the potentials for internal and external technology transfer across countries of Central East Europe by analysing the management-relationship between subsidiaries and their parents and the market-relationships between subsidiaries and their host economy. For this, a firm-level database of some 458 subsidiaries in Estonia, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia is analysed empirically.
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