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03.12.2015 • 44/2015

Migration Affects Labour Market in Eastern Germany

Migration increasingly affects the labour market in Eastern Germany, having effects on employment and unemployment figures as well as the number of recipients of social assistance benefits under the SGB II regulations. Particularly with countries in Middle and Eastern Europe, countries affected by the European debt and confidence crisis and with people seeking asylum, there are large increases meeting the dimensions in Western Germany. However, migrants overall still form a significantly smaller percentage of the population and other labour market parameters in Eastern Germany, since migration was a lot stronger in Western Germany during the last decades. While on the short run negative effects on unemployment have to be expected, there are also chances, in the medium- and long-term, to soften the expectable demographic problems, if integration and qualification are supported.

Oliver Holtemöller
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EFN Report Spring 2015: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, No. 2, 2015
Abstract
Recent movements on world markets for commodities, currencies and capital stimulate the world economy, but they entail also considerable risks: income losses of energy exporting countries might trigger financial crises with worldwide repercussions; crises might also emerge from financial distress of emerging market debtors with liabilities denominated in US dollars. Extremely low interest rates might not only trigger stock and bond price booms, but also more volatility if investors become fearful of financial bubbles. Quite a few conditions are highly beneficial for a recovery of the euro area economy: governments and large corporations benefit from ultra-low bond yields, banks’ composite costs of debt financing have been converging during the past two years to very low levels, and borrowing costs for non-financial corporations have come down markedly. Prices for stocks, bonds and (on average) houses have gone up. Real disposable incomes of private households have risen due to oil prices. The real effective exchange rate is about 10% lower in March 2015 than it was a year ago, strengthening the price competitiveness of firms in the euro area. According to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.6% in 2015 and by 2.1% in 2016. Structural impediments, however, still limit the ability of the euro area economy to grow strongly: firms and, in particular, private households are only slowly reducing their heavy debt burdens, and confidence will not fully come back in France and Italy, as long as reform processes are inconclusive in both countries and as long as unemployment is not coming down markedly. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.1%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.3%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for continued monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus, in particular in those countries where the implementation of structural reforms brings long term gains but short term losses.
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EFN Report Autumn 2014: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2014 and 2015

, 2014
Abstract
In autumn 2014, world production continues to be expanding at a moderate rate, a bit faster than at the beginning of the year. A strong upswing of the world economy is, however, not in sight: the US upswing continues but is not probable to gain more pace, and the Chinese economy has to cope with severe problems in the financial and the housing sector. Important conditions for a stronger recovery are in place: the fall in financing costs allows euro area governments to conduct fiscal policies that are, on average, clearly less restrictive than in the years before, and nonfinancial firms benefit from a shrinking burden of interest payments. Interest rates for bank credit in the southern economies are now slowly going down. However, the recovery will stay sluggish as long as firms and households lack confidence in the economic policy of important member states. In fact, economic confidence in the euro area declined somewhat during summer in part due to news on the conflict between Russia and the west, although only about 5% of all exports leaving the euro area go to Russia or Ukraine. Production growth in the euro area slowed down to stagnation in the second quarter, mainly due to a decline in Germany related to a weather effect. Demand in the rest of the euro area continued to slowly expand. In this context, we forecast that the euro area economy will expand by 1.3% in 2015, after 0.9% in 2014. For 2014 and 2015, we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate, because employment dynamics will stay weak due to subdued growth and the still rising participation rate in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2014 is 0.5%. In 2015 inflation will also remain subdued, at about 1.1%.
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EFN Report Summer 2014: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2014 and 2015

, 2014
Abstract
World growth disappointed at the beginning of the year, when in the US extremely cold weather caused production to contract, the recovery in the euro area stumbled and the slowdown of the Chinese economy continued. At present, however, confidence indicators and order books point to a moderate pickup of growth in most regions. Prices on markets for energy, real and financial assets have reacted little to recent bad news about rising geopolitical risks in the Middle East and Eastern Europe up to now. A sudden increase of risk aversion or a change of believes among investors could trigger a swift deterioration of financial conditions for the world economy. In the euro area, strong stimuli from abroad are not to be expected and private households continue to keep their real spending about constant. Investment has been expanding since summer 2013, but at a very moderate rate. In this context, our forecast for GDP growth is 1.1% in 2014 and 1.6% in 2015. For 2014 and 2015, we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate, because employment dynamics will stay weak due to subdued growth and the still rising participation rate in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2014 is 0.6%. In 2015 inflation will also remain subdued, at about 1.0%. In this context of very low price dynamics, monetary policy keeps the recovery alive: official interest rates around zero and the search for yields on financial markets have depressed yields for government bonds; the fall in financing costs allows euro area governments to conduct fiscal policies that are much less restrictive than in the years before, with tax cuts in Italy, France, and Spain starting this year. Nonfinancial firms benefit from a shrinking burden of interest payments, and the availability of bank loans for small and medium enterprises has improved since 2012 in most countries.
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What Can We Learn from Bargaining Models about Union Power? The Decline in Union Power in Germany, 1992–2009

Boris Hirsch, Claus Schnabel
Manchester School, No. 3, 2014
Abstract
Building on the right-to-manage model of collective bargaining, this paper tries to infer union power from the observed results in wage setting. It derives a time-varying indicator of union strength taking account of taxation, unemployment benefits, and the labour market situation and confronts this indicator with annual data for Germany. The results show that union power did not change much from 1992 to 2002 but fell markedly (by about one-third) from 2002 to 2007 in the aftermath of substantial labour market reforms.
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EFN Report Spring 2009: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2009 and 2010

, 2009
Abstract
For much of 2009, falling external demand will be the main drag on production in the euro area, with exports expected to decrease by about 13% in 2009. At the same time, the structural problems of the financial sector, combined with the uncertainty on future economic perspectives, will continue to impede investment, which will be reduced by about 6% in 2009. Consumers will benefit from the increase in real wages that started in the summer of 2008 and will – due to the slow reaction of wage setting to the business cycle in most European countries – continue for the year 2009. Thus, private consumption will, albeit shrinking modestly (-0.6%) because of rising unemployment, be a stabilizing factor for the economy in the euro area. A positive contribution will also come from public consumption, whose growth is forecasted at 1% for 2009 and 0.5% for 2010.
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Who is unemployed, who is drawing benefit?

Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 4, 2005
Abstract
In der Öffentlichkeit besteht ein großes Interesse daran, welche Aktivitäten sowohl insgesamt als auch in Teilaspekten von der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, den Arbeitsgemeinschaften (ARGE) und den optierenden Kommunen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt erfolgen. Dies betrifft einerseits die als arbeitslos erfassten Personen als auch jene, die Leistungen beziehen, ohne jedoch arbeitslos zu sein. Zudem besteht ein Interesse an einer Untergliederung der Arbeitslosen und der Leistungsbezieher nach dem zugehörigen Rechtskreis. Der Beitrag liefert einen Vorschlag, wie die entsprechende Transparenz hergestellt werden könnte. Damit wäre für arbeitsmarktpolitische Belange durchaus ein Fortschritt an Informationen verbunden, der für eine genauere Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation dienen kann. Hiervon unbenommen ist, dass auch zukünftig detaillierte Statistiken über den Arbeitsmarkt von der Bundesagentur für Arbeit in regelmäßigen Abständen veröffentlicht werden sollten.
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The new social benefits scheme (Arbeitslosengeld II) and the Municipal Option Act

Herbert Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 9, 2004
Abstract
Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den Maßnahmen zur Reform des Arbeitsmarktes, wobei hier auf die Zusammenlegung von Arbeitslosen- und Sozialhilfe abgestellte wird (Hartz-IV). Im Rahmen dieser Zusammenlegung müssen die Kommunen und die Regionalagenturen Arbeitsgemeinschaften bilden, um die Betreuung der Arbeitslosen zu gewährleisten. Sollte seitens einer Kommune oder eines Kreises kein Interesse an einer Arbeitsgemeinschaft bestehen, dann hat sie ein Optionsrecht, die mit der Betreuung und Vermittlung von Arbeitslosen, die ALG-II-Geld empfangen, in Eigenverantwortung durchzuführen. Der Beitrag diskutiert die Vor- und Nachteile, die mit der Ausübung der Option verbunden sein können.
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Evaluation of Further Training Programmes with an Optimal Matching Algorithm

Eva Reinowski, Birgit Schultz, Jürgen Wiemers
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 188, 2004
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of further training on the individual unemployment duration of different groups of persons representing individual characteristics and some aspects of the economic environment. The Micro Census Saxony enables us to include additional information about a person's employment history to eliminate the bias resulting from unobservable characteristics and to avoid Ashenfelter's Dip. In order to solve the sample selection problem we employ an optimal full matching assignment, the Hungarian algorithm. The impact of participation in further training is evaluated by comparing the unemployment duration between participants and non-participants using the Kaplan-Meier-estimator. Overall, we find empirical evidence that participation in further training programmes results in even longer unemployment duration.
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Unemployment benefit II - Comments on the merging of unemployment benefits and public assistance

Herbert Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 6, 2003
Abstract
Der Beitrag diskutiert die geplante Zusammenlegung von Arbeislosen- und Sozialhilfe zum sogenannten Arbeitslosengeld II. Es werden die Bedingungen erörtert, unter denen diese Zusammenlegung erfolgen soll, und es wird eine Abschätzung gegeben, welches Einsparpotential sich für die öffentlichen Haushalte hieraus ergeben könnte. Zusätzlich wird geprüft, welche Effekte durch die Zusammenlegung auf die Lohnnebenkosten entstehen könnten.
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