Financial constraints and the margins of FDI
Claudia M. Buch
Bundesbank Discussion Paper 29/2009,
2009
Abstract
Recent literature on multinational firms has stressed the importance of low productivity as a barrier to the cross-border expansion of firms. But firms may also need external finance to shoulder the costs of entering foreign markets. We develop a model of multinational firms facing real and financial barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI), and we analyze their impact on the FDI decision (the extensive margin) and foreign affiliate sales (the intensive margin). We provide empirical evidence based on a detailed dataset of German multinationals which contains information on parent-level and affiliate-level financial constraints as well as about the location the foreign affiliates. We find that financial factors constrain firms’ foreign investment decisions, an effect felt in particular by large firms. Financial constraints at the parent level matter for the extensive, but less
so for the intensive margin. For the intensive margin, financial constraints at the affiliate level are relatively more important.
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Barriers to Internationalization: Firm-Level Evidence from Germany
Claudia M. Buch
IAW Discussion Paper No. 52,
2009
Abstract
Exporters and multinationals are larger and more productive than their domestic
counterparts. In addition to productivity, financial constraints and labor market
constraints might constitute barriers to entry into foreign markets. We present new
empirical evidence on the extensive and intensive margin of exports and FDI based on detailed micro-level data of German firms. Our paper has three main findings. First, in line with earlier literature, we find a positive impact of firm size and productivity on firms’ international activities. Second, small firms suffer more frequently from financial constraints than bigger firms, but financial conditions have no strong effect on internationalization. Third, labor market constraints constitute a more severe barrier to foreign activities than financial constraints. Being covered by collective bargaining particularly impedes international activities.
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Keeping the Bubble Alive! The Effects of Urban Renewal and Demolition Subsidies in the East German Housing Market
Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2009
Abstract
German urban renewal programs are favoring the cities in the Eastern part since the re-unification in 1990. This was accompanied additionally by attractive tax incentives, designed as an accelerated declining balance method of depreciation for housing investments during the late 1990s. The accumulated needs for comfortable housing after 40 years of a disastrous housing policy of the GDR era were generally accepted as justification for the subvention policy. But various subsidies and tax incentives caused a construction boom, false allocations, and a price bubble in Eastern Germany. After recognizing that the expansion of housing supply was not in line with the demographic development and that high vacancy rates were jeopardizing housing companies and their financial backers, policy changed in 2001. Up to now, the government provides demolition grants to reduce the vast oversupply. By means of a real option approach, it is ex-plained how different available forms of subsidies and economic incentives for landlords lift real estate values. The option value representing growth expectations and opportunities is calculated as an observable market value less an estimated fundamental value. Empirical results disclose higher option premiums for cities in Eastern Germany and a strong correlation of the option premium with urban renewal spending.
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Investment (FDI) Policy for Azerbaijan, Final report
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
The report has been prepared on behalf of the Association for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) as integral part of the “Private Sector Development Program” run by the GTZ in Azerbaijan. A comprehensive investment policy is outlined with particular focus on the possibilities to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in Azerbaijan’s manufacturing industry (non-oil sector). The report makes particular reference to the experiences with investment policy development in Central and East European transition economies. It touches legal and institutional framework conditions in Azerbaijan as well as possible investment incentives schemes including investment promotion. Major recommendations refer to trade integration within the region, introduction of tax incentives as well as further improvements in business climate. Furthermore, the importance of complementary policies, such as competition and education policy, is stressed.
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Yes to Investments by Public Authorities for the Future! But Business Cycle will no Longer be Saved by it!
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2009
Abstract
Die Finanzmarktkrise hat die deutsche Wirtschaft in eine tiefe Rezession gestürzt. Ausschlaggebend ist ein starker Einbruch der Nachfrage aus dem Ausland, der auf die Unternehmensinvestitionen übergesprungen ist. Die deutsche Bundesregierung hält mit zwei Konjunkturpaketen dagegen. Gemäß einer Analyse des IWH umreißt deren investiver Teil ein konjunkturstabilisierendes Volumen von 25,3 Mrd. Euro. Damit werden hauptsächlich die Ausgaben des Bundes, der Länder und der Kommunen für Infrastruktur und Bildung aufgestockt. Zusätzliche Sachinvestitionen der Privaten sind hingegen kaum zu erwarten, Mitnahmeeffekte jedoch schon. Einschließlich der damit induzierten Einkommenszuwächse aus den mit diesen Ausgaben gesicherten Arbeitsplätzen bedeutet dies allenfalls rund einen Wachstumspunkt des Bruttoinlandsprodukts bzw. den Erhalt von 400 000 Beschäftigungsverhältnissen. Die Effekte verteilen sich auf zwei Jahre: 0,4 Prozentpunkte in diesem und 0,7 im kommenden Jahr. Insgesamt entfällt je ein Viertel auf Bauarbeiten und unternehmensnahe Dienstleistungen. Auch in den Produktionsbereichen Handel und Verkehr, Maschinen- und Fahrzeugbau sowie Elektrotechnik wird die Produktion gestützt.
Insgesamt stellen die mit der Input-Output-Analyse gewonnenen Modellergebnisse eine Obergrenze der konjunkturstabilisierenden Effekte der investiven Ausgaben aus den Konjunkturpaketen dar. So könnte die Absorptionsfähigkeit der Impulse durch die Wirtschaft insbesondere im Baubereich geringer sein als hier geschätzt. Ein Teil des erwarteten Mengeneffekts bliebe aus, wenn Knappheitsverhältnisse entstehen, die in kräftige Preisanstiege münden. Auch dürfte die Erfüllung des Kriteriums der Zusätzlichkeit bei der Mittelbewilligung für kommunale Investitionen nach einer drei Jahre währenden Phase des Anstiegs schwierig werden.
Angesichts eines Prognosespektrums zwischen 2% und 5% Rückgang des Bruttoinlandsprodukts im Jahr 2009 mag die hier ermittelte Gegenwirkung durch die Konjunkturpakete gering erscheinen. Dem starken Nachfrageeinbruch aus dem Ausland und seinen Folgen für die Inlandsnachfrage kann wohl mit den Instrumenten der nationalen Wirtschaftspolitik nicht entschieden begegnet werden.
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Stages of the 2007/2008 Global Financial Crisis: Is there a Wandering Asset Price Bubble?
Lucjan T. Orlowski
Economics E-Journal 43. Munich Personal RePEc Archive 2008,
2009
Abstract
This study identifies five distinctive stages of the current global financial crisis: the meltdown of the subprime mortgage market; spillovers into broader credit market; the liquidity crisis epitomized by the fallout of Northern Rock, Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers with counterparty risk effects on other financial institutions; the commodity price bubble, and the ultimate demise of investment banking in the U.S. The study argues that the severity of the crisis is influenced strongly by changeable allocations of global savings coupled with excessive credit creation, which lead to over-pricing of varied types of assets. The study calls such process a “wandering asset-price bubble“. Unstable allocations elevate market, credit, and liquidity risks. Monetary policy responses aimed at stabilizing financial markets are proposed.
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19.02.2009 • 13/2009
Zukunftsinvestitionen der öffentlichen Hand und weitere investive Komponenten der Konjunkturpakete sichern Deutschland einen Wachstumspunkt des Bruttoinlandsprodukts
Das kommunale Investitionsprogramm, die Bundesinvestitionen sowie die anderen investiven Komponenten der beiden Konjunkturpakete der Bundesregierung
umreißen nach Analyse des IWH ein konjunkturstabilisierendes Volumen von 25,3 Mrd. Euro. Einschließlich der damit induzierten Einkommen aus der Beschäftigungssicherung wird reichlich ein Wachstumspunkt des Bruttoinlandsprodukts generiert bzw. werden 400 000 Beschäftigungsverhältnisse erhalten.
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