Innovation within the Maritime Cluster of QUÉBEC – Evaluation of a Regional Study in Québec
Sabine Freye
Presses Académiques Francophones, Saarbrücken,
2013
Abstract
Grundlage der Untersuchung ist die Annahme, dass das Entwicklungspotential einer Industrie bzw. einer Region von ihrer Innovationstätigkeit abhängt. Im Speziellen werden Antworten auf folgende Fragestellungen gesucht: Lässt sich das Cluster-Konzept auf die maritime Industrie der maritimen Region Québecs übertragen? Kann dieser Sektor eine solch große Bedeutung und Wirtschaftskraft erlangen, dass er zu einem wirtschaftlichen Standbein dieser Region werden kann? Der Untersuchung liegen die Umfrageergebnisse einer regionalen Studie zugrunde, die insbesondere die Unternehmenseigenschaften, wie beispielsweise, Größe, Umsatz oder Anzahl der im Unternehmen tätigen Ingenieure, erfasste. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Großteil der Unternehmen in der untersuchten Stichprobe kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen sind, die nur wenig Innovationsaktivitäten haben. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass der untersuchte maritime Sektor nicht die geeigneten Eigenschaften aufweist um dort das Konzept eines Clusters als Regionalentwicklungsstrategie anwenden zu können.
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Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Functions: A spatial panel approach
Matthias Brachert, Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze
Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography,
2013
Abstract
The paper presents estimates for the impact of related variety, unrelated variety and the functions a region performs in the production process on regional employment growth in Germany. We argue that regions benefit from the existence of related activities that facilitate economic development. Thereby the sole reliance of the related and unrelated variety concept on standard industrial classifications (SIC) remains debatable. We offer estimations for establishing that conceptual progress can be made when the focus of analysis goes beyond solely considering industries. We develop an industry-function based approach of related and unrelated variety and test our hypothesis by the help of spatial panel approach. Our findings suggest that related variety as same as unrelated variety facilitate regional employment growth in Germany. However, the drivers behind these effects do differ. While the positive effect of related variety is driven by high degrees of relatedness in the regional “R&D” and “White-Collar”-functions, the effects of unrelated variety are spurred by “Blue Collar”-functions in this period.
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How to Create a New Holiday Destination? An Evaluation of Local Public Investment for Supporting Tourism Industry
Albrecht Kauffmann, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Quantitative Methods in Tourism Economics,
2013
Abstract
Since the 1990s tourism has been one major area in Saxony where new local public infrastructure has been created. The question is whether this newly-built tourism infrastructure has been able to change the path of economic development in those municipalities where the investment has occurred. Is it possible to activate the tourism industry with the help of public investment at locations that are completely new to the tourism industry? The econometric estimations and a survey of businesses in the field of tourism make it clear that the new tourist infrastructure really did have a positive effect on local employment – but not everywhere and not in every case. Tourist infrastructure will only have a major positive impact on economic development if a municipality already has a “track record” of being a tourist destination and is well-equipped with the relevant complementary factors for tourist activities and the “primary features” of tourist destinations – History matters!
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Cooperation Events, Ego-Network Characteristics and Firm Innovativeness – Empirical Evidence from the German Laser Industry
Muhamed Kudic, Katja Guhr
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2013
Abstract
We study how firm innovativeness is related to individual cooperation events and the structure and dynamics of firms’ ego-networks employing a unique panel dataset for the full population of 233 German laser source manufactures between 1990 and 2010. Firm innovativeness is measured by yearly patent applications as well as patent grants with a two year time-lag. Network measures are calculated on the basis of 570 knowledge-related publicly funded R&D alliances. Estimation results from a panel data count model with fixed effects are suggestive of direct innovation effects due to individual cooperation events, but only as long as structural ego-network characteristics are neglected. Innovativeness is robustly related to ego-network size and ego-network brokerage whereas ego-network density reveals some surprising results.
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Natural-resource or Market-seeking FDI in Russia? An Empirical Study of Locational Factors Affecting the Regional Distribution of FDI Entries
K. Gonchar, Philipp Marek
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2013
Abstract
This paper conducts an empirical study of the factors that affect the spatial distribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) across regions in Russia; in particular, this paper is concerned with those regions that are endowed with natural resources and market-related benefits. Our analysis employs data on Russian firms with a foreign investor during the 2000-2009 period and linked regional statistics in the conditional logit model. The main findings are threefold. First, we conclude that one theory alone is not able to explain the geographical pattern of foreign investments in Russia. A combination of determinants is at work; market-related factors and the availability of natural resources are important factors in attracting FDI. The relative importance of natural resources seems to grow over time, despite shocks associated with events such as the Yukos trial. Second, existing agglomeration economies encourage foreign investors by means of forces generated simultaneously by sector-specific and inter-sectoral externalities. Third, the findings imply that service-oriented FDI co-locates with extraction industries in resource-endowed regions. The results are robust when Moscow is excluded and for subsamples including only Greenfield investments or both Greenfield investments and mergers and acquisitions (M&A).
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Regional Origins of Employment Volatility: Evidence from German States
Claudia M. Buch, M. Schlotter
Empirica,
No. 1,
2013
Abstract
Greater openness for trade can have positive welfare effects in terms of higher growth. But increased openness may also increase uncertainty through a higher volatility of employment. We use regional data from Germany to test whether openness for trade has an impact on volatility. We find a downward trend in the unconditional volatility of employment, paralleling patterns for output volatility. The conditional volatility of employment, measuring idiosyncratic developments across states, in contrast, has remained fairly unchanged. In contrast to evidence for the US, we do not find a significant link between employment volatility and trade openness.
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Efficiency in the UK Commercial Property Market: A Long-run Perspective
Steven Devaney, Oliver Holtemöller, R. Schulz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 15,
2012
Abstract
Informationally efficient prices are a necessary requirement for optimal resource allocation in the real estate market. Prices are informationally efficient if they reflect buildings’ benefit to marginal buyers, thereby taking account of all available information on future market development. Prices that do not reflect available information may lead to over- or undersupply if developers react to these inefficient prices. In this study, we examine the efficiency of the UK commercial property market and the interaction between prices, construction costs, and new supply. We collated a unique data set covering the years 1920 onwards, which we employ in our study. First, we assess if real estate prices were in accordance with present values, thereby testing for informational efficiency. By comparing prices and estimated present values, we can measure informational inefficiency. Second, we assess if developers reacted correctly to price signals. Development (or the lack thereof) should be triggered by deviations between present values and cost; if prices do not reflect present values, then they should have no impact on development decisions.
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Women Move Differently: Job Separations and Gender
Boris Hirsch, Claus Schnabel
Journal of Labor Research,
No. 4,
2012
Abstract
Using a large German linked employer–employee data set and methods of competing risks analysis, this paper investigates gender differences in job separation rates to employment and nonemployment. In line with descriptive evidence, we find lower job-to-job and higher job-to-nonemployment transition probabilities for women than men when controlling for individual and workplace characteristics and unobserved plant heterogeneity. These differences vanish once we allow these characteristics to affect separations differently by gender. When additionally controlling for wages, we find that both separation rates are considerably lower and also significantly less wage-elastic for women than for men, suggesting an interplay of gender differences in transition behaviour and the gender pay gap.
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East Germany: Number of subsidized employment has declined significantly
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2012
Abstract
Die Zahl der staatlich subventionierten Beschäftigten ist deutlich zurückgegangen. Der Anteil der geförderten Beschäftigung an den Erwerbstätigen liegt jedoch immer noch deutlich über dem westdeutschen Wert. Dem Rückgang an geförderten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen steht eine kräftige Zunahme an nicht geförderter Erwerbstätigkeit gegenüber. Per saldo ist der Beschäftigungszuwachs jedoch schwach. Der Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit hat sich abgeflacht. Hierfür waren Sonderfaktoren verantwortlich, beispielsweise die verstärkte Zuwanderung aus den neuen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union und die Rückführung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen.
Im Prognosezeitraum wird sich die Lage auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt nur noch wenig verbessern. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen dürfte im Durchschnitt des Jahres 2012 um 0,2% und im Jahr 2013 um 0,1% über dem Vorjahreswert liegen. Die Zahl der geförderten Beschäftigungsverhältnisse dürfte weiter zurückgehen. Einfluss darauf haben auch die Neuregelungen zum effizienten Einsatz arbeits-marktpolitischer Instrumente. Die Entwicklung der registrierten Arbeitslosigkeit wird auch künftig vom schrumpfenden Arbeitsangebot beeinflusst. Die Arbeitslosenquote wird in diesem Jahr 10,4% und im kommenden Jahr 10,2% betragen.
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