Deeper, Wider and More Competitive? Monetary Integration, Eastern Enlargement and Competitiveness in the European Union
Gianmarco Ottaviano, Daria Taglioni, Filippo di Mauro
ECB Working Paper,
No. 847,
2008
Abstract
What determines a country’s ability to compete in international markets? What fosters the global competitiveness of its firms? And in the European context, have key elements of the EU strategy such as EMU and enlargement helped or hindered domestic firms’ competitiveness in local and global markets? We address these questions by calibrating and simulating a conceptual framework that, based on Melitz and Ottaviano (2005), predicts that tougher and more transparent international competition forces less productive firms out the market, thereby increasing average productivity as well as reducing average prices and mark-ups. The model also predicts a parallel reduction of price dispersion within sectors. Our conceptual framework allows us to disentangle the effects of technology and freeness of entry from those of accessibility. On the one hand, by controlling for the impact of trade frictions, we are able to construct an index of ‘revealed competitiveness’, which would drive the relative performance of countries in an ideal world in which all faced the same barriers to international transactions. On the other hand, by focusing on the role of accessibility while keeping ‘revealed competitiveness’ as given, we are able to evaluate the impacts of EMU and enlargement on the competitiveness of European firms. We find that EMU positively affects the competitiveness of firms located in participating economies. Enlargement has, instead, two contrasting effects. It improves the accessibility of EU members but it also increases substantially the relative importance of unproductive competitors from Eastern Europe. JEL Classification: F12, R13.
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Determinants of International Fragmentation of Production in the European Union
Götz Zeddies
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 15,
2007
Abstract
The last decades were characterized by large increases in world trade, not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to world GDP. This was in large parts caused by increasing exchanges of parts and components between countries as a consequence of international fragmentation of production. Apparently, greater competition especially from the Newly Industrializing and Post-Communist Economies prompted firms in ‘high-wage’ countries to exploit international factor price differences in order to increase their international competitiveness. However, theory predicts that, beside factor price differences, vertical disintegration of production should be driven by a multitude of additional factors. Against this background, the present paper reveals empirical evidence on parts and components trade as an indicator for international fragmentation of production in the European Union. On the basis of a panel data approach, the main explanatory factors for international fragmentation of production are determined. The results show that, although their influence can not be neglected, factor price differences are only one out of many causes for shifting production to or sourcing components from foreign countries.
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Transport Costs and the Size of Cities: The Case of Russia
Albrecht Kauffmann
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Potsdam, Nr. 93,
No. 93,
2007
Abstract
Real costs of freight transportation have strong increased in Russia particularly during the period of price liberalization 1992–93. This paper investigates possible connections between rising transport costs and the evolution of the size structure of the system of cities in the Russian Federation and its federal subjects. Empirical findings suggest that under conditions of a closed system agglomeration processes according to the predictions of the model of Tabuchi et al. (2005) would have taken place especially in the periphere regions of the North and Far East.
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Inflation and the Divergence of Relative Prices: Evidence from a Cointegration Analysis
Juliane Scharff
AStA - Advances in Statistical Analysis,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
The relation between inflation and RPV plays a prominent role in explaining the costs of inflation. This study investigates whether the CPI subcategories drift apart more over a period of high inflation rates than during one of low inflation. The wider dispersion of the subcategories is reflected in an increasing number of common stochastic trends in the system of sub price indices. The results for US data as well as for cross-country comparisons indicate that the influence of inflation on the dispersion of relative prices cannot be revealed by counting cointegrating relations. Thus, the number of stochastic trends or cointegrating relations is not a reliable indicator for the distorting effect of inflation on the dispersion of relative prices.
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asset price inflation
Tobias Knedlik, A. Knorr
Systeme monetärer Steuerung - Analyse und Vergleich geldpolitischer Strategien - Schriften zu Ordnungsfragen der Wirtschaft, Band 86,
No. 86,
2007
Abstract
Es ist den wichtigsten Notenbanken in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten sehr erfolgreich gelungen, die Inflationsrate dauerhaft auf einem sehr niedrigen Niveau zu stabilisieren. Im gleichen Zeitraum stiegen allerdings die Preise vieler Vermögensgüter erheblich an. Wirtschaftspolitisch problematisch wäre diese Entwicklung allerdings nur, wenn dieser rapide Preisanstieg nicht nur Veränderungen der Fundamentalfaktoren widerspiegelt, sondern im Wesentlichen auf spekulative Übertreibungen zurückzuführen ist. Die Zahl spekulativer Blasen hat in der jüngeren Vergangenheit nachweislich zugenommen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, den wirtschaftspolitischen Handlungsbedarf bei Vermögenspreisinflationen zu ermitteln. Dazu werden die relevanten Märkte für Assetgüter identifiziert, die Grundlagen der Preisbildung auf diesen Märkten herausgearbeitet, unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Übertragungsmechanismen die möglichen Auswirkungen von Vermögenspreisinflationen auf die gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung diskutiert, die Eignung der Geldpolitik sowie alternativer wirtschaftspolitischer Instrumente zur Abwehr solcher gesamtwirtschaftlicher Störungen erörtert, die aus einer Vermögenspreisinflation herrühren. Wie sich zeigt, lässt sich einer inflationären Entwicklung der Preise von Vermögensgütern, einmal in Gang gekommen, mit dem Instrumentarium der Geldpolitik kaum noch wirksam begegnen. Umso größere Bedeutung kommt deshalb den verfügbaren wirtschaftspolitischen Handlungsalternativen zu: der genauen Analyse des monetären Umfelds und, damit eng verknüpft, einer offensiven Informationspolitik seitens der Notenbank, verbesserte aufsichtsrechtliche Instrumente und die Schaffung bzw. Stärkung derjenigen Institutionen, derer es bedarf, um die mit Vermögenspreisinflationen typischerweise einhergehenden Risiken optimal diversifizieren zu können sowie den daraus ebenfalls resultierenden Strukturanpassungen zu den geringsten gesamtwirtschaftlichen Kosten zu bewältigen.
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Systematic Mispricing in European Equity Prices?
Marian Berneburg
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
One empirical argument that has been around for some time and that clearly contra- dicts equity market efficiency is that market prices seem too volatile to be optimal estimates of the present value of future discounted cash flows. Based on this, it is deduced that systematic pricing errors occur in equity markets which hence can not be efficient in the Effcient Market Hypothesis sense. The paper tries to show that this so-called excess volatility is to a large extend the result of the underlying assumptions, which are being employed to estimate the present value of cash flows. Using monthly data for three investment style indices from an integrated European Equity market, all usual assumptions are dropped. This is achieved by employing the Gordon Growth Model and using an estimation process for the dividend growth rate that was suggested by Barsky and De Long. In extension to Barsky and De Long, the discount rate is not assumed at some arbitrary level, but it is estimated from the data. In this manner, the empirical results do not rely on the prerequisites of sta- tionary dividends, constant dividend growth rates as well as non-variable discount rates. It is shown that indeed volatility declines considerably, but is not eliminated. Furthermore, it can be seen that the resulting discount factors for the three in- vestment style indices can not be considered equal, which, on a risk-adjusted basis, indicates performance differences in the investment strategies and hence stands in contradiction to an efficient market. Finally, the estimated discount rates under- went a plausibility check, by comparing their general movement to a market based interest rate. Besides the most recent data, the estimated discount rates match the movements of market interest rates fairly well.
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Apartment House Prices and the Macroeconomy
Oliver Holtemöller
Proceedings of the EcoMod International Conference on Regional and Urban Modelling (CD-ROM),
2006
Abstract
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Inflation and relative price variability in the euro area: evidence from a panel threshold model
Dieter Nautz, Juliane Scharff
Bundesbank Discussion Paper, No. 14/2006,
2006
Abstract
In recent macroeconomic theory, relative price variability (RPV) generates the
central distortions of inflation. This paper provides first evidence on the empirical
relation between inflation and RPV in the euro area focusing on threshold effects
of inflation. We find that expected inflation significantly increases RPV if inflation
is either very low (below -1.38% p.a.) or very high (above 5.94% p.a.). In the
intermediate regime, however, expected inflation has no distorting effects which
supports price stability as an outcome of optimal monetary policy.
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Do House Prices Drive Aggregate Consumption?
Marian Berneburg, Axel Lindner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
In jüngster Zeit sprechen Konjunkturforscher Preisentwicklungen auf Immobilienmärkten einen großen Einfluß auf die Konsumnachfrage der privaten Haushalte zu. Dagegen kann eingewandt werden, daß Preiserhöhungen die Konsummöglichkeiten einer Volkswirtschaft als Ganzes nicht erhöhen: Wer eine Immobilie teuer verkauft, profitiert vom hohen Preis genau in dem Maße, wie der Käufer verliert. Der trotzdem zu beobachtende Zusammenhang zwischen steigenden Immobilienpreisen und lebhafter Konsumnachfrage bedeutet freilich nicht, daß sich die Wirtschaftssubjekte irrational verhalten. Er erklärt sich vielmehr daraus, daß beide Größen wesentlich von den Erwartungen über die längerfristige gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung einer Volkswirtschaft getrieben werden. Im vorliegenden Artikel steht eine einfache Erklärung der Hauspreisentwicklungen der letzten 15 Jahre in ausgewählten Industrieländern im Mittelpunkt. Ansatzpunkt zur Bestimmung des Wertes von Immobilien ist eine einfache Barwertformel zur Bestimmung des Wertes eines Vermögensguts, die von national unterschiedlichen Risikoaspekten oder einer möglichen Abhängigkeit von demographischen Entwicklungen abstrahiert. In diese Rechnung gehen für die einzelnen Länder jeweils spezifische Erwartungen ein, die sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen Jahre speisen. Dabei spielen mit der Zinsentwicklung und dem längerfristigen Wachstum einer Volkswirtschaft zwei Größen eine zentrale Rolle, die auch wesentlichen Einfluß auf die gesamtwirtschaftliche Güternachfrage haben.
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Measurement Matters — Alternative Input Price Proxies for Bank Efficiency Analyses
Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Services Research,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
Most bank efficiency studies that use stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) employ each bank’s own implicit input price when estimating efficient frontiers. But at the same time, most studies are based on cost and/or profit models that assume perfect input markets. Traditional input price proxies therefore contain at least substantial measurement error. We suggest here two alternative input market definitions to approximate exogenous input prices. We have access to Bundesbank data, which allows us to cover virtually all German universal banks between 1993 and 2003. The use of alternative input price proxies leads to mean cost efficiency that is significantly five percentage points lower compared to traditional input prices. Mean profit efficiency is hardly affected. Across models, small cooperative banks located in large western states perform best while large banks and those located in eastern states rank lowest.
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