Economic convergence across German regions in light of empirical findings
Udo Ludwig, John B. Hall
Cambridge Journal of Economics,
2006
Abstract
This paper challenges the convergence hypothesis advanced by R. Barro and X. Sala-i-Martin as it is applied to explain the forces behind, patterns exhibited by and time line for German regional convergence. Exposed in some detail are the spurious neoclassical and marginalist assumptions, purporting that 'automatic' forces would indeed bring about a convergence in per capita incomes between two German regions. A trend exhibiting slow growth in per capita income in Germany's eastern region renders a Beta coefficient so low as to rule out convergence altogether. In addition, capital fails to move between German regions in the pattern assumed by the convergence hypothesis.
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East-West internal migration: remarkable loss of human capital
Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2005
Abstract
Ende der 90er Jahre mußte für Ostdeutschland eine negative Trendumkehr in den Wanderungsbewegungen konstatiert werden: Die in den Jahren nach der deutschen Einigung gesunkenen Wanderungsverluste stiegen bis ins Jahr 2001 wieder erheblich an. Zwar ist das Defizit seither erneut rückläufig, dessen Niveau ist mit über 50 000 pro Jahr aber immer noch beträchtlich. Dies gilt umso mehr, als – wie der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt – der Großteil der Abwanderung im Alter von 18-30 Jahren stattfindet, vorwiegend Personen mit überdurchschnittlicher schulischer Bildung betrifft und häufig zu Ausbildungsbeginn oder zum Berufsstart erfolgt. Da andererseits die Zuwanderung seit Jahren auf annähernd gleichem Niveau verharrt und sich in der Bildungsstruktur nicht wesentlich von der Abwanderung unterscheidet, entsteht in der Folge ein Humankapitalverlust, der sowohl Facharbeiter als auch Akademiker betrifft. Weil Westdeutsche überdies vergleichsweise selten in den Osten ziehen, um eine Ausbildung zu beginnen bzw. die berufliche Karriere zu starten, ergibt sich für diese Kategorie ein besonders deutliches Defizit, was negative Konsequenzen vor allem für das zukünftige Potential an Mittel- und Hochqualifizierten in den neuen Bundesländern haben dürfte.
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Economic Capability of East German Regions: Results of a Cluster Analysis
Franz Kronthaler
Regional Studies,
No. 6,
2005
Abstract
This paper analyses the economic capability of East German regions compared with West German regions. Based on new growth theory and new economic geography, and using relevant empirical literature, regions are clustered according to a set of growth factors. The clustering results find little evidence that the economic capability of East German regions is already comparable with West German regions. Economic disadvantages are particularly rooted in lower technical progress, a lack of entrepreneurship, lower business and industrial concentration, and a loss of human capital. However, there are a few East German regions with a high economic capability, but even those suffer from economic disadvantages such as lower technical progress, lower industrial activity and a poorer regional accessibility.
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Bank Market Discipline
Reint E. Gropp, M. Schleicher
ECB Monthly Bulletin,
2005
Abstract
This article reviews the conceptual issues surrounding market discipline for banks and describes to what extent market discipline could complement supervisory activities. The potential of market discipline has been explicitly recognised in the New Basel Accord. In addition to capital requirements (Pillar I) and supervisory review (Pillar II), the Accord provides for a greater role of financial markets in complementing traditional supervisory activities by asking banks for increased transparency with regard to their operations (Pillar III). This article puts Pillar III in the broader context of direct and indirect market discipline. It is argued that both direct and indirect market discipline should be enhanced by the transparency requirements of the New Capital Accord, but that other conditions may also need to be met in order for market discipline to become more effective. Nevertheless, the article also shows that aggregated market prices can play a useful role in monitoring banking sector stability.
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Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
No. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
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Current Trends: Downward trend in output-capital ratio in east Germany
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2004
Abstract
Die Kapitalproduktivität – gemessen als Bruttoinlandsprodukt in Relation zum Kapitalstock – ist in Ostdeutschland seit Mitte der neunziger Jahre stark rückläufig. Ende der neunziger Jahre fiel sie sogar unter westdeutsches Niveau und betrug im Jahre 2001 – neuere Angaben liegen nicht vor – nur noch etwa 90% des westdeutschen Vergleichswertes. Ein wesentlicher Grund hierfür ist die schwache wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in den neuen Ländern, denn während der ostdeutsche Kapitalstock in den vergangenen fünf Jahren um durchschnittlich 6% pro Jahr gewachsen ist, blieb der Zuwachs des Bruttoinlandsprodukts mit jahresdurchschnittlich 1,1% deutlich dahinter zurück.
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Why do banks hold capital in excess of regulatory requirements? A functional approach
Diemo Dietrich, Uwe Vollmer
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 192,
2004
Abstract
This paper provides an explanation for the observation that banks hold on average a capital ratio in excess of regulatory requirements. We use a functional approach to banking based on Diamond and Rajan (2001) to demonstrate that banks can use capital ratios as a strategic tool for renegotiating loans with borrowers. As capital ratios affect the ability of banks to collect loans in a nonmonotonic way, a bank may be forced to exceed capital requirements. Moreover, high capital ratios may also constrain the amount a banker can borrow from investors. Consequently, the size of the banking sector may shrink.
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Investment, Financial Markets, New Economy Dynamics and Growth in Transition Countries
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens
Economic Opening Up and Growth in Russia: Finance, Trade, Market Institutions, and Energy,
2004
Abstract
The transition to a market economy in the former CMEA area is more than a decade old and one can clearly distinguish a group of relatively fast growing countries — including Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia — and a majority of slowly growing economies, including Russia and the Ukraine. Initial problems of transition were natural in the sense that systemic transition to a market economy has effectively destroyed part of the existing capital stock that was no longer profitable under the new relative prices imported from world markets; and there was a transitory inflationary push as low state-administered prices were replaced by higher market equilibrium prices. Indeed, systemic transformation in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have brought serious transitory inflation problems and a massive transition recession; negative growth rates have continued over many years in some countries, including Russia and the Ukraine, where output growth was negative throughout the 1990s (except for Russia, which recorded slight growth in 1997). For political and economic reasons the economic performance of Russia is of particular relevance for the success of the overall transition process. If Russia would face stagnation and instability, this would undermine political and economic stability in the whole of Europe and prospects for integrating Russia into the world economy.
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Excessive wage increases dampen capital spending
Klaus Weyerstraß
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2003
Abstract
Vor dem Hintergrund der Debatte um die gegensätzliche Wirkung von Lohnerhöhungen auf die Kaufkraft der Arbeitnehmer und die Arbeitskosten in den Unternehmen wird für Deutschland in den Jahren 1971 bis 2003 der Zusammenhang zwischen Lohnentwicklung und Investitionstätigkeit ökonometrisch untersucht. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine Verringerung des Investitionszuwachses bei Reallohnsteigerungen, die über dem Produktivitätsanstieg liegen.
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Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches
Johannes Stephan, Karin Szalai
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 183,
2003
Abstract
Industrial productivity levels of formerly socialist economies in Central East Europe (including East Germany) are considerably lower than in the more mature Western economies. This research aims at assessing the reasons for lower productivities at the firm level: what are the firm-specific determinants of productivity gaps. To assess this, we have conducted an extensive field study and focussed on a selection of two important manufacturing industries, namely machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers, and on the construction industry. Using the data generated in field work, we test a set of determinant-candidates which were derived from theory and prior research in that topic. Our analysis uses the simplest version of the matched-pair approach, in which first hypothesis about relevant productivity level-determinants are tested. In a second step, positively tested hypothesis are further assessed in terms of whether they also constitute firm-specific determinants of the apparent gaps between the firms in our Eastern and such in our Western panels. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in all three industrial branches assessed. Amongst manufacturing firms, networking activities and the use of modern technologies for communication are important reasons for the lower levels of labour productivity in the East. The intensity of long-term strategic planning on behalf of the management turned out to be relevant only for machinery manufacturers. Product and process innovations unexpectedly exhibit an ambiguous picture, as did the extent of specialisation on a small number of products in the firms’ portfolio and the intensity of competition.
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