Bank Concentration and Retail Interest Rates
S. Corvoisier, Reint E. Gropp
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
The recent wave of mergers in the euro area raises the question whether the increase in concentration has offset the increase in competition in European banking through deregulation. We test this question by estimating a simple Cournot model of bank pricing. We construct country and product specific measures of bank concentration and find that for loans and demand deposits increasing concentration may have resulted in less competitive pricing by banks, whereas for savings and time deposits, the model is rejected, suggesting increases in contestability and/or efficiency in these markets. Finally, the paper discusses some implications for tests of the effect of concentration on monetary policy transmission.
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Rating Agency Actions and the Pricing of Debt and Equity of European Banks: What Can we Infer About Private Sector Monitoring of Bank Soundness?
Reint E. Gropp, A. J. Richards
Economic Notes,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
The recent consultative papers by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has raised the possibility of an explicit role for external rating agencies in the assessment of the credit risk of banks’ assets, including interbank claims. Any judgement on the merits of this proposal calls for an assessment of the information contained in credit ratings and its relationship to other publicly available information on the financial health of banks and borrowers. We assess this issue via an event study of rating change announcements by leading international rating agencies, focusing on rating changes for European banks for which data on bond and equity prices are available. We find little evidence of announcement effects on bond prices, which may reflect the lack of liquidity in bond markets in Europe during much of our sample period. For equity prices, we find strong effects of ratings changes, although some of our results may suffer from contamination by contemporaneous news events. We also test for pre-announcement and post-announcement effects, but find little evidence of either. Overall, our results suggest that ratings agencies may perform a useful role in summarizing and obtaining non-public information on banks and that monitoring of banks’ risk through bond holders appears to be relatively limited in Europe. The relatively weak monitoring by bondholders casts some doubt on the effectiveness of a subordinated debt requirement as a supervisory tool in the European context, at least until bond markets are more developed.
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Attribute Dependence and the Provision of Quality
Hans Degryse, Andreas Irmen
Regional Science and Urban Economics,
No. 5,
2001
Abstract
Often a quality improvement necessitates modifications of varietal product features. This paper studies firms’ incentives to provide quality when this decision affects the goods’ degree of perceived horizontal differentiation. We find that the quality level hinges crucially on the interaction between the quality and the varietal product attribute. We examine the outcome of a game where firms decide on quality and price relative to what a social planner would desire. If the interaction between quality and perceived horizontal differentiation is sufficiently positive, we find for the sequential game ‘quality then price’ that the private incentives to provide quality are excessive relative to the social optimum. As a result the level and the direction of interaction between the attributes determines whether there is excessive or insufficient provision of quality.
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Climate protection policy in the housing sector: Lacking impact and need for action
Steffen Hentrich
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2001
Abstract
Energiesparmaßnahmen im Wohnungsbau tragen erheblich zur Reduzierung von Treibhausgasen bei. Trotz der Potenziale sind die Emissionen der Haushalte in den vergangenen Jahren weiter gestiegen. Die Wirkung von Energiesparvorschriften und Förderprogrammenwurde überschätzt und wichtige marktspezifische Hemmnisse blieben unbeachtet.
Da die Risiken des Treibhauseffekts in den gegenwärtigen Heizenergiepreisen kaum Niederschlag finden, reichen die preislichen Energiesparanreize für einen wirksamen Klimaschutz nicht aus. Wohnungsmarktspezifische Wirkungsbrüche verstärken dieses Defizit, mit der Folge, dass wirtschaftlich vertretbare Energiesparmaßnahmen unterbleiben. Das beschränkt die Wirksamkeit von Wärmeschutzstandards und Förderprogrammen.
Notwendig sind daher Maßnahmen, die bei Anbietern und Nachfragern gleichermaßen Energiesparanreize setzen. Eine schrittweise Erhöhung der Ökosteuer auf Heizenergieträger, eine geringere Wohnungsmarktreglementierung und Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Energieverbrauchstransparenz vergrößern die Energiesparanreize für beide Marktseiten.
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On the Incentives to Provide Fuel-Efficient Automobiles
Hans Degryse, Andreas Irmen
Journal of Economics,
No. 2,
2001
Abstract
We argue that the provision of more fuel-efficient cars necessitates specific aerodynamic shapes. We show that the presence of this technological constraint may reduce the incentives to provide fuel efficiency. In equilibrium, cars become more similar and aerodynamic as fuel prices increase. However, the provided level of fuel efficiency falls short of the social optimal one such that a fuel-economy standard is welfare-enhancing.
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Surplus value and prices: Interest and profit! A contribution to the determination of production prices considering fixed capital
Jens Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 147,
2001
Abstract
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The Tableau Economique by Francois Quesnay
Jens Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 146,
2001
Abstract
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Rising oil prices dampen upswing in Central and Eastern Europe
Axel Brüggemann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2000
Abstract
Der Artikel behandelt die Wirtschaftsentwicklung und -aussichten der mittel- und osteuropäischen Reformstaaten. Neben der prognose der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität in diesenm Ländern wird die Entwicklung der außenwirtschaftlichen Ungleichgewichte und damit verbundene Entwicklung der Risikopotenziale für Finanzkrisen analysiert.
Die Ergebnisse sind wie folgt: Der robuste Aufschwung der ersten Jahreshälfte 2000 wurde durch die gestiegenen Ölpreise abgeschwächt,blieb aber in den meisten Ländern der Region robust. Auch für 2001 und 2002 wird eine leicht abgeschwächte aber immer noch kräftige Entwicklung erwartet. Das Risikopotenzial für Finanzkrisen hat durch die Verlangsamung der Aktivität zugenommen.
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Moderate production and employment effects through rising crude oil prices – A simulation with the macroeconomic IWH model –
Christian Dreger
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2000
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Rückwirkungen der aktuellen Ölpreissteigerungen. Dabei werden verschiedene Szenarien hinsichtlich der Preisentwicklung betrachtet. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Produktions- und Beschäftigungsverluste höherer Ölpreise nicht an die Krisen der siebziger Jahre heranreichen und relativ moderat bleiben.
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Price Competition between an Expert and a Non-Expert
Jan Bouckaert, Hans Degryse
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
No. 6,
2000
Abstract
This paper characterizes price competition between an expert and a non-expert. In contrast with the expert, the non-expert's repair technology is not always successful. Consumers visit the expert after experiencing an unsuccessful match at the non-expert. This re-entry affects the behavior of both sellers. For low enough probability of successful repair at the non-expert, all consumers first visit the non-expert, and a 'timid-pricing' equilibrium results. If the non-expert's repair technology performs well enough, it pays for some consumers to disregard the non-expert a visit. They directly go to the expert's shop, and an 'aggressive-pricing' equilibrium pops up. For intermediate values of the non-expert's successful repair a 'mixed-pricing' equilibrium emerges where the expert randomizes over the monopoly price and some lower price.
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