Are there Business Cycles “beyond GDP“? Alternative Measures to GDP at Business Cycle Frequencies
Jörg Döpke, Philip Maschke
Applied Economics Quarterly,
No. 2,
2015
Abstract
We discuss properties of alternatives or complements to GDP as a measure of welfare at business cycle frequencies. Our results imply that the suggested indicators show practically no cycle at all and their methodologies can be questioned. First, data are not available at an appropriate quality and frequency. Second, the suggested time series sometimes correlate negatively with each other. Third, cross-section and quasi-panel evidence based on different samples of countries reveals no impact of the stance of the business cycle on some suggested welfare measures. Therefore, alternative welfare measures do not show an equal picture on business cycle frequencies compared to GDP-based measures.
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Spillover Effects among Financial Institutions: A State-dependent Sensitivity Value-at-Risk Approach
Z. Adams, R. Füss, Reint E. Gropp
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a state-dependent sensitivity value-at-risk (SDSVaR) approach that enables us to quantify the direction, size, and duration of risk spillovers among financial institutions as a function of the state of financial markets (tranquil, normal, and volatile). For four sets of major financial institutions (commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and insurance companies) we show that while small during normal times, equivalent shocks lead to considerable spillover effects in volatile market periods. Commercial banks and, especially, hedge funds appear to play a major role in the transmission of shocks to other financial institutions.
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Banks’ Financial Distress, Lending Supply and Consumption Expenditure
H. Evren Damar, Reint E. Gropp, Adi Mordel
Abstract
We employ a unique identification strategy linking survey data on household consumption expenditure to bank-level data to estimate the effects of bank financial distress on consumer credit and consumption expenditures. We show that households whose banks were more exposed to funding shocks report lower levels of non-mortgage liabilities. This, however, does not result in lower levels of consumption. Households compensate by drawing down liquid assets to smooth consumption in the face of a temporary adverse lending supply shock. The results contrast with recent evidence on the real effects of finance on firms’ investment and employment decisions.
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Gemeinschaftsdiagnose Frühjahr 2013: Deutsche Konjunktur erholt sich – Wirtschaftspolitik stärker an der langen Frist ausrichten (Kurzfassung)
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2013
Abstract
In dieser Kurzprognose wird das Frühjahrsgutachten 2013 vom 18. April 2013 vorgestellt. Die Konjunktur in Deutschland ist im Frühjahr 2013 wieder aufwärts gerichtet. Die Lage an den Finanzmärkten hat sich ent-spannt, nachdem die Unsicherheit über die Zukunft der Europäischen Währungsunion gesunken ist. Auch der weltwirtschaftliche Gegenwind hat nachgelassen. Die Institute erwarten, dass in Deutschland das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 0,8% (68%-Prognoseintervall: 0,1% bis 1,5%) und im kommenden Jahr um 1,9% zunimmt. Die Zahl der Arbeitslosen dürfte weiter zurückgehen und im Jahresdurchschnitt bei 2,9 Millionen in diesem bzw. 2,7 Millionen Personen im nächsten Jahr liegen. Die Inflationsrate wird im laufenden Jahr auf 1,7% zurückgehen, bevor sie bei zunehmender Kapazitätsauslastung im kommenden Jahr auf 2,0% anzieht. Der Staatshaushalt wird im Jahr 2013 annähernd ausgeglichen sein und im Jahr 2014 dank der günstigeren Konjunktur einen Überschuss von 0,5% in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt aufweisen. Die Wirtschaftspolitik sollte jetzt die lange Frist wieder stärker in den Blick nehmen.
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Predicting Financial Crises: The (Statistical) Significance of the Signals Approach
Makram El-Shagi, Tobias Knedlik, Gregor von Schweinitz
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 35,
2013
Abstract
The signals approach as an early-warning system has been fairly successful in detecting crises, but it has so far failed to gain popularity in the scientific community because it cannot distinguish between randomly achieved in-sample fit and true predictive power. To overcome this obstacle, we test the null hypothesis of no correlation between indicators and crisis probability in three applications of the signals approach to different crisis types. To that end, we propose bootstraps specifically tailored to the characteristics of the respective datasets. We find (1) that previous applications of the signals approach yield economically meaningful results; (2) that composite indicators aggregating information contained in individual indicators add value to the signals approach; and (3) that indicators which are found to be significant in-sample usually perform similarly well out-of-sample.
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East Germany: Number of subsidized employment has declined significantly
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2012
Abstract
Die Zahl der staatlich subventionierten Beschäftigten ist deutlich zurückgegangen. Der Anteil der geförderten Beschäftigung an den Erwerbstätigen liegt jedoch immer noch deutlich über dem westdeutschen Wert. Dem Rückgang an geförderten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen steht eine kräftige Zunahme an nicht geförderter Erwerbstätigkeit gegenüber. Per saldo ist der Beschäftigungszuwachs jedoch schwach. Der Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit hat sich abgeflacht. Hierfür waren Sonderfaktoren verantwortlich, beispielsweise die verstärkte Zuwanderung aus den neuen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union und die Rückführung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen.
Im Prognosezeitraum wird sich die Lage auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt nur noch wenig verbessern. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen dürfte im Durchschnitt des Jahres 2012 um 0,2% und im Jahr 2013 um 0,1% über dem Vorjahreswert liegen. Die Zahl der geförderten Beschäftigungsverhältnisse dürfte weiter zurückgehen. Einfluss darauf haben auch die Neuregelungen zum effizienten Einsatz arbeits-marktpolitischer Instrumente. Die Entwicklung der registrierten Arbeitslosigkeit wird auch künftig vom schrumpfenden Arbeitsangebot beeinflusst. Die Arbeitslosenquote wird in diesem Jahr 10,4% und im kommenden Jahr 10,2% betragen.
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Spillover Effects among Financial Institutions: A State-dependent Sensitivity Value-at-Risk Approach
Z. Adams, R. Füss, Reint E. Gropp
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a state-dependent sensitivity value-at-risk (SDSVaR) approach that enables us to quantify the direction, size, and duration of risk spillovers among financial institutions as a function of the state of financial markets (tranquil, normal, and volatile). Within a system of quantile regressions for four sets of major financial institutions (commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and insurance companies) we show that while small during normal times, equivalent shocks lead to considerable spillover effects in volatile market periods. Commercial banks and, especially, hedge funds appear to play a major role in the transmission of shocks to other financial institutions. Using daily data, we can trace out the spillover effects over time in a set of impulse response functions and find that they reach their peak after 10 to 15 days.
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Predicting Financial Crises: The (Statistical) Significance of the Signals Approach
Makram El-Shagi, Tobias Knedlik, Gregor von Schweinitz
Abstract
The signals approach as an early warning system has been fairly successful in detecting crises, but it has so far failed to gain popularity in the scientific community because it does not distinguish between randomly achieved in-sample fit and true predictive power. To overcome this obstacle, we test the null hypothesis of no correlation between indicators and crisis probability in three applications of the signals approach to different crisis types. To that end, we propose bootstraps specifically tailored to the characteristics of the respective datasets. We find (1) that previous applications of the signals approach yield economically meaningful and statistically significant results and (2) that composite
indicators aggregating information contained in individual indicators add value to the signals approach, even where most individual indicators are not statistically significant on their own.
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Fiscal Policy and the Great Recession in the Euro Area
Mathias Trabandt, Günter Coenen, Roland Straub
American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings,
No. 3,
2012
Abstract
How much did fiscal policy contribute to euro area real GDP growth during the Great Recession? We estimate that discretionary fiscal measures have increased annualized quarterly real GDP growth during the crisis by up to 1.6 percentage points. We obtain our result by using an extended version of the European Central Bank's New Area-Wide Model with a rich specification of the fiscal sector. A detailed modeling of the fiscal sector and the incorporation of as many as eight fiscal time series appear pivotal for our result.
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Introducing Financial Frictions and Unemployment into a Small Open Economy Model
Mathias Trabandt, Lawrence J. Christiano, Karl Walentin
Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control,
No. 12,
2011
Abstract
Which are the main frictions and the driving forces of business cycle dynamics in an open economy? To answer this question we extend the standard new Keynesian model in three dimensions: we incorporate financing frictions for capital, employment frictions for labor and extend the model into a small open economy setting. We estimate the model on Swedish data. Our main results are that (i) a financial shock is pivotal for explaining fluctuations in investment and GDP. (ii) The marginal efficiency of investment shock has negligible importance. (iii) The labor supply shock is unimportant in explaining GDP and no high frequency wage markup shock is needed.
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