Forecast Dispersion, Dissenting Votes, and Monetary Policy Preferences of FOMC Members: The Role of Individual Career Characteristics and Political Aspects
Stefan Eichler, Tom Lähner
Public Choice,
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
Using data from 1992 to 2001, we study the impact of members’ economic forecasts on the probability of casting dissenting votes in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). Employing standard ordered probit techniques, we find that higher individual inflation and real GDP growth forecasts (relative to the committee’s median) significantly increase the probability of dissenting in favor of tighter monetary policy, whereas higher individual unemployment rate forecasts significantly decrease it. Using interaction models, we find that FOMC members with longer careers in government, industry, academia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or on the staff of the Board of Governors are more focused on output stabilization, while FOMC members with longer careers in the financial sector or on the staffs of regional Federal Reserve Banks are more focused on inflation stabilization. We also find evidence that politics matters, with Republican appointees being much more focused on inflation stabilization than Democratic appointees. Moreover, during the entire Clinton administration ‘natural’ monetary policy preferences of Bank presidents and Board members for inflation and output stabilization were more pronounced than under periods covering the administrations of both George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush, respectively.
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Regional House Price Dynamics and Voting Behavior in the FOMC
Stefan Eichler, Tom Lähner
Economic Inquiry,
No. 2,
2014
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of house price gaps in Federal Reserve districts on the voting behavior in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) from 1978 to 2010. Applying a random effects ordered probit model, we find that a higher regional house price gap significantly increases (decreases) the probability that this district's representative in the FOMC casts interest rate votes in favor of tighter (easier) monetary policy. In addition, our results suggest that Bank presidents react more sensitively to regional house price developments than Board members do.
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Micro-Based Evidence of EU Competitiveness: The CompNet Database
Filippo di Mauro, et al.
ECB Working Paper,
No. 1634,
2014
Abstract
Drawing from confidential firm-level balance sheets in 11 European countries, the paper presents a novel sectoral database of comparable productivity indicators built by members of the Competitiveness Research Network (CompNet) using a newly developed research infrastructure. Beyond aggregate information available from industry statistics of Eurostat or EU KLEMS, the paper provides information on the distribution of firms across several dimensions related to competitiveness, e.g. productivity and size. The database comprises so far 11 countries, with information for 58 sectors over the period 1995-2011. The paper documents the development of the new research infrastructure, describes the database, and shows some preliminary results. Among them, it shows that there is large heterogeneity in terms of firm productivity or size within narrowly defined industries in all countries. Productivity, and above all, size distribution are very skewed across countries, with a thick left-tail of low productive firms. Moreover, firms at both ends of the distribution show very different dynamics in terms of productivity and unit labour costs. Within-sector heterogeneity and productivity dispersion are positively correlated to aggregate productivity given the possibility of reallocating resources from less to more productive firms. To this extent, we show how allocative efficiency varies across countries, and more interestingly, over different periods of time. Finally, we apply the new database to illustrate the importance of productivity dispersion to explain aggregate trade results.
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Note on the Hidden Risk of Inflation
Makram El-Shagi, Sebastian Giesen
Journal of Economic Policy Reform,
No. 1,
2014
Abstract
The continued expansionary policy of the Federal Reserve gives rise to speculation whether the Fed will be able to maintain price stability in the coming decades. Most of the scientific work relating money to prices relies on broad monetary aggregates (i.e. M2 for the United States). In our paper, we argue that this view falls short. The historically unique monetary expansion has not yet fully reached M2. Using a cointegration approach, we aim to show the hidden risks for the future development of M2 and correspondingly prices. In a simulation analysis we show that even if the multiplier remains substantially below its pre-crisis level, M2 will exceed its current growth path with a probability of 95%.
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Estimating Monetary Policy Rules when the Zero Lower Bound on Nominal Interest Rates is Approached
Konstantin Kiesel, M. H. Wolters
Kiel Working Papers, No. 1898,
2014
Abstract
Monetary policy rule parameters estimated with conventional estimation techniques can be severely biased if the estimation sample includes periods of low interest rates. Nominal interest rates cannot be negative, so that censored regression methods like Tobit estimation have to be used to achieve unbiased estimates. We use IV-Tobit regression to estimate monetary policy responses for Japan, the US and the Euro area. The estimation results show that the bias of conventional estimation methods is sizeable for the inflation response parameter, while it is very small for the output gap response and the interest rate smoothing parameter. We demonstrate how IV-Tobit estimation can be used to study how policy responses change when the zero lower bound is approached. Further, we show how one can use the IV-Tobit approach to distinguish between desired policy responses, that the central bank would implement if there was no zero lower bound, and the actual ones and provide estimates of both.
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Islamic Finance in Europe
Pierluigi Caristi, Stéphane Couderc, Angela di Maria, Filippo di Mauro, Beljeet Kaur Grewal, Lauren Ho, Sergio Masciantonio, Steven Ongena, Sajjad Zaher
ECB Occasional Paper,
No. 146,
2013
Abstract
Islamic finance is based on ethical principles in line with Islamic religious law. Despite its low share of the global financial market, Islamic finance has been one of this sector's fastest growing components over the last decades and has gained further momentum in the wake of the financial crisis. The paper examines the development of and possible prospects for Islamic finance, with a special focus on Europe. It compares Islamic and conventional finance, particularly as concerns risks associated with the operations of respective institutions, as well as corporate governance. The paper also analyses empirical evidence comparing Islamic and conventional financial institutions with regard to their: (i) efficiency and profitability; and (ii) stability and resilience. Finally, the paper considers the conduct of monetary policy in an Islamic banking context. This is not uncomplicated given the fact that interest rates - normally a cornerstone of monetary policy - are prohibited under Islamic finance. Liquidity management issues are thus discussed here, with particular reference to the euro area.
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Does Central Bank Staff Beat Private Forecasters?
Makram El-Shagi, Sebastian Giesen, A. Jung
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2012
Abstract
In the tradition of Romer and Romer (2000), this paper compares staff forecasts of the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the European Central Bank (ECB) for inflation and output with corresponding private forecasts. Standard tests show that the Fed and less so the ECB have a considerable information advantage about inflation and output. Using novel tests for conditional predictive ability and forecast stability for the US, we identify the driving forces of the narrowing of the information advantage of Greenbook forecasts coinciding with the Great Moderation.
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Stock Market Firm-Level Information and Real Economic Activity
Filippo di Mauro, Fabio Fornari, Dario Mannucci
ECB Working Paper,
No. 1366,
2011
Abstract
We provide evidence that changes in the equity price and volatility of individual firms (measures that approximate the definition of 'granular shock' given in Gabaix, 2010) are key to improve the predictability of aggregate business cycle fluctuations in a number of countries. Specifically, adding the return and the volatility of firm-level equity prices to aggregate financial information leads to a significant improvement in forecasting business cycle developments in four economic areas, at various horizons. Importantly, not only domestic firms but also foreign firms improve business cycle predictability for a given economic area. This is not immediately visible when one takes an unconditional standpoint (i.e. an average across the sample). However, conditioning on the business cycle position of the domestic economy, the relative importance of the two sets of firms - foreign and domestic - exhibits noticeable swings across time. Analogously, the sectoral classification of the firms that in a given month retain the highest predictive power for future IP changes also varies significantly over time as a function of the business cycle position of the domestic economy. Limited to the United States, predictive ability is found to be related to selected balance sheet items, suggesting that structural features differentiate the firms that can anticipate aggregate fluctuations from those that do not help to this aim. Beyond the purely forecasting application, this finding may enhance our understanding of the underlying origins of aggregate fluctuations. We also propose to use the cross sectional stock market information to macro-prudential aims through an economic Value at Risk.
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Vigorous upswing continues
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
Das preisbereinigte Bruttoinlandsprodukt in Deutschland wird 2011 um 3% zunehmen. Die Beschäftigung wird weiter kräftig ausgeweitet und die Arbeitslosenquote auf 6,6% sinken. Die positive Entwicklung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt kräftigt die Binnennachfrage. Der Beitrag des Außenhandels ist nach wie vor positiv, wird aber kleiner werden; die wesentlichen Risiken für die deutsche Konjunktur kommen von außenwirtschaftlicher Seite.
Die Weltwirtschaft befindet sich im Aufschwung. Im Winterhalbjahr 2010/2011 expandieren Produktion und Handel weltweit stark, und die Frühindikatoren auf der Basis von Auftragseingängen und Stimmungsumfragen sprechen dafür, dass sich das Tempo des Produktionsanstiegs in den kommenden Monaten beschleunigen dürfte. Hintergrund des Aufschwungs ist eine seit Ausbruch der Finanzkrise ausgesprochen expansive Geldpolitik rund um den Globus.
Die deutsche Wirtschaft profitiert vom globalen Aufschwung, verleiht ihm aber auch Impulse. Mit dem Anstieg des preisbereinigten Bruttoinlandsprodukts um 3,6% belegte Deutschland bezüglich des Produktionszuwachses im Jahr 2010 unter den Industrieländern einen Spitzenplatz; freilich war das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Zuge der Krise hier auch besonders stark gesunken. Mittlerweile hat es sein Niveau vom vierten Quartal 2007, also kurz vor Ausbruch der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise, wieder erreicht.
Frühindikatoren deuten darauf hin, dass sich der Aufschwung in Deutschland kraftvoll fortsetzen dürfte. Dafür sprechen auch die weiterhin expansive Ausrichtung der Geldpolitik, die Dynamik in den Schwellenländern und die guten Investitionsbedingungen. Für das Jahr 2011 erwarten wir einen Anstieg des Bruttoinlandsproduktes um real 3,0% (vgl. Tabelle);das 66% Prognoseintervall unter Ausschluss von Extremrisiken reicht von 2,5% bis 3,5%. Die Beschäftigung wird weiter kräftig ausgeweitet; die Anzahl der Erwerbstätigen wird um etwa eine halbe Million zunehmen und die Arbeitslosenquote auf 6,6% sinken. Im Jahr 2012 wird sich das konjunkturelle Tempo etwas verlangsamen und das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 1,9% zulegen. Die Arbeitslosenquote dürfte weiter auf 5,8% sinken. Die zunehmende Knappheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt führt zu stärker steigenden Löhnen und Preisen. Der Anstieg der Verbraucherpreise wird 2011, auch wegen des Ölpreissprungs Anfang des Jahres, voraussichtlich 2,3% und 2012 anschließend 1,8% betragen. Der Aufschwung führt dazu, dass das Defizit der öffentlichen Haushalte wieder deutlich unter das Maastricht-Kriterium sinkt, und zwar auf 1,4% in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Jahr 2011 und auf 0,4% im Jahr darauf.
Risiken für die deutsche Konjunktur bestehen vor allem auf außenwirtschaftlicher Seite: Das Basisszenario der vorliegenden Prognose geht von einer raschen Beruhigung der Lage in den arabischen Ländern aus, die aktuelle Gefahr einer neuen Ölkrise besteht jedoch. Weitere Risiken ergeben sich aus der außerordentlichen Liquiditätsversorgung durch die Zentralbanken der fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften. Einerseits könnte es durch diese in den Schwellenländern, die durch höhere Zinsen Kapital attrahieren, zu einer Überhitzung kommen, die kurzfristig auch hierzulande stimulierend wirken könnte. Andererseits führen die Inflationsrisiken zunehmend zu Unsicherheit, die bereits im Prognosezeitraum belastend wirken könnte. Außerdem bestehen in den fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften weiterhin Risiken aus den Nachwirkungen der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise. Vielerorts sind die Strukturprobleme der Finanzpolitik und der Bankenaufsicht nicht gelöst.
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Banking Integration, Bank Stability, and Regulation: Introduction to a Special Issue of the International Journal of Central Banking
Reint E. Gropp, H. Shin
International Journal of Central Banking,
No. 1,
2009
Abstract
The link between banking integration and financial stability has taken center stage in the wake of the current financial crisis. To what extent is the banking system in Europe integrated? What role has the introduction of the common currency played in this context? Are integrated banking markets more vulnerable to contagion and financial instability? Does the fragmented regulatory framework in Europe pose special problems in resolving bank failures? What policy reforms may become necessary? These questions are of considerable policy interest as evidenced by the extensive discussions surrounding the design and implementation of a new regulatory regime and by the increasing attention coming from academia.
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