Globalisierung und Beschäftigung – eine Untersuchung mit der Input-Output-Methode.
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
IMK Studies,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Im Zuge der Internationalisierung des Wirtschaftsgeschehens werden die nationalen Produktions- und Dienstleistungsprozesse zunehmend von Importen durchdrungen. Damit im Zusammenhang werden inländische Produkte substituiert und Arbeitsplätze in das Ausland verlagert. Zugleich kann jedoch die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Unternehmen gestärkt und ihre Position auf den nationalen und internationalen Märkten ausgebaut werden. In der Studie wird anhand des Input-Output-Modells gezeigt, dass der Standort Deutschland trotz kräftiger Importsteigerungen in den neunziger Jahren vom exportinduzierten Produktionszuwachs profitiert hat. Dies betrifft nicht nur die Güterbilanz im Exportsektor, in dem zunehmend importierte Vorleistungsgüter für die Herstellung der Exportgüter eingesetzt werden, sondern den Export-Import-Saldo insgesamt. Im Zusammenhang mit den hohen Exportüberschüssen hat sich die Wertschöpfung per saldo durchgängig und die Beschäftigung besonders in der zweiten Hälfte der letzten Dekade kräftig erhöht. Zwar sind auch mehr Arbeitsplätze durch den gestiegenen Kauf von Vorleistungsgütern und Endprodukten aus dem Ausland im Vergleich zur ersten Hälfte der neunziger Jahre verloren gegangen. Die Ausweitung der Beschäftigung infolge des starken Anstiegs der Exporte hat diese Verluste jedoch mehr als kompensiert. Wenngleich ähnliche Prozesse in anderen Industrieländern Europas stattgefunden haben, so unterscheiden sich die Beschäftigungswirkungen zwischen ihnen deutlich. Während die Beschäftigung in den Niederlanden ähnlich stark wie in Deutschland expandierte, fielen die Arbeitsplatzgewinne in Frankreich nicht zuletzt wegen der geringen Exportüberschüsse in der Handelsbilanz schmal aus.
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Three methods of forecasting currency crises: Which made the run in signaling the South African currency crisis of June 2006?
Tobias Knedlik, Rolf Scheufele
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2007
Abstract
In this paper we test the ability of three of the most popular methods to forecast the South African currency crisis of June 2006. In particular we are interested in the out-ofsample performance of these methods. Thus, we choose the latest crisis to conduct an out-of-sample experiment. In sum, the signals approach was not able to forecast the outof- sample crisis of correctly; the probit approach was able to predict the crisis but just with models, that were based on raw data. Employing a Markov-regime-switching approach also allows to predict the out-of-sample crisis. The answer to the question of which method made the run in forecasting the June 2006 currency crisis is: the Markovswitching approach, since it called most of the pre-crisis periods correctly. However, the “victory” is not straightforward. In-sample, the probit models perform remarkably well and it is also able to detect, at least to some extent, out-of-sample currency crises before their occurrence. It can, therefore, not be recommended to focus on one approach only when evaluating the risk for currency crises.
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A Simple Representation of the Bera-Jarque-Lee Test for Probit Models
Joachim Wilde
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 13,
2007
Abstract
The inference in probit models relies on the assumption of normality. However, tests of this assumption are not implemented in standard econometric software. Therefore, the paper presents a simple representation of the Bera-Jarque-Lee test, that does not require any matrix algebra. Furthermore, the representation is used to compare the Bera-Jarque- Lee test with the RESET-type test proposed by Papke and Wooldridge (1996).
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The Role of the Human Capital and Managerial Skills in Explaining the Productivity Gaps between East and West
Wolfgang Steffen, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2007
Abstract
This paper assess determinants of productivity gaps between firms in the European transition countries and regions and firms in West Germany. The analysis is conducted at the firm level by use of a unique database constructed by field work. The determinants tested in a simple econometric regression model are focussed upon the issue of human capital and modern market-oriented management. The results are novel in as much as a solution was established for the puzzling results in related research with respect to a comparison of formal qualification between East and West. Furthermore, the analysis was able to establish that the kind of human capital and expertise mostly needed in the post-socialist firms are related to the particular requirements of a competitive marketbased economic environment. Finally, the analysis also finds empirical support for the role of capital deepening in productivity catch-up, as well as the case that the gaps in labour productivity are most importantly rooted in a more labour-intense production, which does not give rise to a competitive disadvantage.
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Transport Costs and the Size of Cities: The Case of Russia
Albrecht Kauffmann
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Potsdam, Nr. 93,
No. 93,
2007
Abstract
Real costs of freight transportation have strong increased in Russia particularly during the period of price liberalization 1992–93. This paper investigates possible connections between rising transport costs and the evolution of the size structure of the system of cities in the Russian Federation and its federal subjects. Empirical findings suggest that under conditions of a closed system agglomeration processes according to the predictions of the model of Tabuchi et al. (2005) would have taken place especially in the periphere regions of the North and Far East.
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Does Qualification Drive Innovation? A Microeconometric Analysis Using Linked-employer-employee Data
Bianca Brandenburg, Jutta Günther, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Degree-level science and engineering skills as well as management and leadership skills are often referred to as a source of innovative activities within companies. Broken down by sectoral innovation patterns, this article examines the role of formal education and actual occupation for product innovation performance in manufacturing firms within a probit model. It uses unique micro data for Germany (LIAB) that contain detailed information about innovative activities and the qualification of employees. We find significant differences of the human capital endowment between sectors differentiated according to the Pavitt classification. Sectors with a high share of highly skilled employees engage in product innovation above average (specialized suppliers and science based industries). According to our hitherto estimation results, within these sectors the share of highly skilled employees does not, however, substantially increase the probability to be an innovative firm.
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The Euro and Cross-Border Banking: Evidence from Bilateral Data
S. Blank, Claudia M. Buch
Comparative Economic Studies,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
Has the introduction of the Euro fostered financial integration in Europe? We answer this question using a data set of banks’ bilateral foreign assets and liabilities provided by the Bank for International Settlements. The data cover the pre-Euro period (1995–1998) and the post-Euro period (1999–2005). We use information from 10 OECD reporting countries and all OECD recipient countries. Gravity regressions show a positive and significant impact of the Euro on bilateral financial linkages. This effect is stronger and more robust for banks’ foreign assets than for their foreign liabilities.
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FDI and Domestic Investment: An Industry-level View
Claudia M. Buch
CEPR. Discussion Paper No. 6464,
2007
Abstract
Previous empirical work on the link between domestic and foreign investment provides mixed results which partly depend on the level of aggregation of the data. We argue that the aggregated home country implications of foreign direct investment (FDI) cannot be gauged using firm-level data. Aggregated data, in turn, miss channels through which domestic and foreign activities interact. Instead, industry-level data provide useful information on the link between domestic and foreign investment. We theoretically show that the effects of FDI on the domestic capital stock depend on the structure of industries and the relative importance of domestic and multinational firms. Our model allows distinguishing intra-sector competition from inter-sector linkage effects. We test the model using data on German FDI. Using panel cointegration methods, we find evidence for a positive long-run impact of FDI on the domestic capital stock and on the stock of inward FDI. Effects of FDI on the domestic capital stock are driven mainly by intra-sector effects. For inward FDI, inter-sector linkages matter as well.
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Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?
Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).
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Armutsbekämpfung durch Einkommensumverteilung. Zu den Zielen und Finanzierungsproblemen eines Grundeinkommens
Ingmar Kumpmann
Berliner Debatte Initial Bd. 18 (2),
2007
Abstract
Das Grundeinkommen wird als ein Konzept vorgestellt, das Unzulänglichkeiten der bestehenden Armutsbekämpfung überwindet, insbesondere die staatlichen Kontrollen der Arbeitsfähigkeit und -bereitschaft beseitigt. Das System der sozialen Sicherung wird von lohnbezogenen Beiträgen unabhängiger. Hauptproblem des Modells ist die Finanzierung. Kern dieses Problems ist aber nicht die Frage, wie es gelingen kann, einen hohen Geldbetrag aufzubringen, sondern die Folgen für Leistungsanreize und Produktion. Diese setzen dem Grundeinkommen Grenzen.
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