Second Progress Report by economic research institutes about the economic development in East Germany - abridged version
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2003
Abstract
Auch im Sommer 2003 kann die Entwicklung in der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft niemanden zufrieden stellen. Zusätzlich zu allen Diskussionen um Möglichkeiten einer Belebung der Wachstumsdynamik in ganz Deutschland stellt sich deswegen auch die Frage, wie die Politik dem Aufbau Ost neuen Schwung geben kann. Diese Frage stellt sich um so dringender, weil die finanzpolitischen Schwierigkeiten Deutschlands die Spielräume für finanziell kostspielige Programme für die neuen Länder stark einengen. Wichtige Bestandteile der Wirtschaftspolitik für Ostdeutschland waren in den letzten Jahren die spezifische Wirtschaftsförderung (insbesondere die Investitionsförderung), für die wegen ihrer Befristung wie auch wegen EU-rechtlicher Restriktionen Nachfolgelösungen gesucht werden, sowie die Aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die im Zuge der allgemeinen Arbeitsmarktreformen ebenfalls auf den Prüfstand gestellt worden ist. In Anbetracht der anstehenden Entscheidungen über die weitere Strategie für den Aufbau Ost hat der Bundesminister der Finanzen die mit dem so genannten „Fortschrittsbericht“ betrauten Forschungsinstitute (DIW Berlin, IAB, IfW, IWH und ZEW) deshalb gebeten, diese beiden Politikbereiche einer näheren Analyse zu unterziehen und darauf aufbauend wirtschaftspolitische Schlussfolgerungen abzuleiten. Darüber hinaus wurden als weitere Schwerpunkte des Berichts eine regional differenzierte Analyse der Infrastrukturausstattung in den neuen Ländern, eine Untersuchung der technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft und eine Analyse der finanzpolitischen Situation der ostdeutschen Länder und Gemeinden vereinbart.
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Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches
Johannes Stephan, Karin Szalai
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 183,
2003
Abstract
Industrial productivity levels of formerly socialist economies in Central East Europe (including East Germany) are considerably lower than in the more mature Western economies. This research aims at assessing the reasons for lower productivities at the firm level: what are the firm-specific determinants of productivity gaps. To assess this, we have conducted an extensive field study and focussed on a selection of two important manufacturing industries, namely machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers, and on the construction industry. Using the data generated in field work, we test a set of determinant-candidates which were derived from theory and prior research in that topic. Our analysis uses the simplest version of the matched-pair approach, in which first hypothesis about relevant productivity level-determinants are tested. In a second step, positively tested hypothesis are further assessed in terms of whether they also constitute firm-specific determinants of the apparent gaps between the firms in our Eastern and such in our Western panels. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in all three industrial branches assessed. Amongst manufacturing firms, networking activities and the use of modern technologies for communication are important reasons for the lower levels of labour productivity in the East. The intensity of long-term strategic planning on behalf of the management turned out to be relevant only for machinery manufacturers. Product and process innovations unexpectedly exhibit an ambiguous picture, as did the extent of specialisation on a small number of products in the firms’ portfolio and the intensity of competition.
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Evolving Structural Patterns in the Enlarging European Division of Labour: Sectoral and Branch Specialisation and the Potentials for Closing the Productivity Gap
Johannes Stephan
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2003
Abstract
This report summarises the results generated in empirical analysis within a larger EU 5th FP RTD-project on the determinants of productivity gaps between the current EU-15 and accession states in Central East Europe. The focus of research in this part of the project is on sectoral specialisation patterns emerging as a result of intensifying integration between the current EU and a selection of six newly acceding economies, namely Estonia, Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Slovenia. The research-leading question is concerned with the role played by the respective specialisation patterns for (i) the explanation of observed productivity gaps and for (ii) the projection of future potentials of productivity growth in Central East Europe.
For the aggregated level, analysis determines the share of national productivity gaps accountable to acceding countries’ particular sectoral patterns, and their role for aggregate productivity growth: in Poland, the Slovak Republic and Hungary, sectoral shares of national productivity gaps are considerable and might evolve into a ‘barrier’ to productivity catch-up.Moreover, past productivity growth was dominated by a downward adjustment in employment rather than structural change. With the industrial sector of manufacturing having been identified as the main source of national productivity gaps and growth, the subsequent analysis focuses on the role of industrial specialisation patterns and develops an empirical model to project future productivity growth potentials. Each chapter closes with some policy conclusions.
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The State of the World Economy and the German Economy in Fall of 2003 - Report of the six economic research institutes
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 14,
2003
Abstract
Die weltwirtschaftliche Produktion nimmt seit dem letzten Frühjahr beschleunigt zu. Die während der ersten Monate 2003 dämpfenden Faktoren sind entfallen, die Wirtschaftspolitik stimuliert weiter, und die Perspektiven werden günstiger beurteilt. Vorreiter der Erholung sind wieder die USA. In Japan verläuft die Entwicklung überraschend günstig, und in Südostasien wurde die Schwächephase überwunden. Während die Produktion in den EU-Beitrittsländern anhaltend kräftig stieg, verharrte der Euroraum in der Stagnation....
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Vertical and horizontal patterns of intra-industry trade between EU and candidate countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2003
Abstract
Trade between the European Union (EU) and the Transition Economies (TE) is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals predominantly vertical structures with decisively more quality advantages for the EU and less quality advantages for TE countries whenever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in a EU-TE framework lags behind theoretical and empirical research on horizontal and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is therefore to contribute to the ongoing debate on EU-TE trade structures by offering an explanation of vertical trade. We utilise a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences, country size and income distribution play a leading role. We find first that relative differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intraindustry trade when trade is vertical and completely liberalised, and second that crosscountry differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that EU firms have been able to increase their product quality and to shift low-quality segments to TE countries. This may suggest a product-quality cycle prevalent in EU-TE trade.
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Empirical methods for analysising the risks of financial crises
Axel Brüggemann, Thomas Linne
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2003
Abstract
he vulnerability against financial crises of EU candidate countries and other Central and East European countries is on the agenda of the Institute for Economic Research Halle. Research concentrates on the developing of effective early warning indicators and includes a strong orientation on quantitative methods. This volume presents selected methods for the analyse of financial fragility. The finding complete the signals approach, which is used by the IWH for routine checks of the risk potential of EU candidate an other countries of the region. The four studies presented here were written by the scientific staff of the IWH and by guest researchers. Their objective is to deepen insights into selected problems of financial fragility by using alternative methods.
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Progress in Rebuilding Eastern Germany - Report of the Institutes of Economic Research on the Progress in the Economic Development in Eastern Germany
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2002
Abstract
Trotz der unübersehbaren Fortschritte beim Aufbau Ost ist die wirtschaftliche Lage in Ostdeutschland unbefriedigend. Nicht nur, dass das gesamtwirtschaftliche Wachstum seit einigen Jahren hinter dem in Westdeutschland zurückbleibt und die Unterbeschäftigung auf hohem Niveau verharrt, gravierender noch ist, dass die Gefahr besteht, dass Mutlosigkeit und Resignation an Gewicht gewinnen. Die Erfolge, die seit Anfang der neunziger Jahre zu verzeichnen sind, treten dabei in den Hintergrund – Erfolge bei der Erneuerung der Infrastruktur, dem Aufbau einer wettbewerbsfähigen Unternehmensbasis sowie – und nicht zuletzt – bei der Verbesserung der materiellen Lebensverhältnissen der Menschen.
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Reconstructing the East is making headway - Progress report of economic research institutions on the economic development in East Germany - abridged version
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2002
Abstract
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Was bringt die Wissenschaft für die Wirtschaft in einer Region?
Peter Franz, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Diana Roth
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 163,
2002
Abstract
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Intra-industry trade between European Union and Transition Economies. Does income distribution matter?
Hubert Gabrisch, Maria Luigia Segnana
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 155,
2002
Abstract
EU-TE trade is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. For some countries (Czech Republic), the share of intra-industry trade in total trade with the EU approaches 60 percent. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals overwhelming vertical structures with strong quality advantages for the EU and shrinking quality advantages for TE countries wherever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in an EU-TE framework has lagged theoretical and empirical research on horizontal trade and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is, therefore, to contribute to the ongoing debate over EU-TE trade structures, by offering an explanation of intra-industry trade. We utilize a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences and country size play a leading role. In addition, as implied by a model of the productquality
cycle, we examine income distribution factors as determinates of the emerging
EU-TE structure of trade flows. Using OLS regressions, we find first, that relative
differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intra-industry trade, when trade is vertical and completely liberalized and second, that cross country differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that if increasing wage differences resulted from an increasing productivity gap between highquality and low-quality industries, then vertical structures will, over the long-term create significant barriers for the increase in TE incomes and lowering EU-TE income differentials.
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