The Extreme Risk Problem for Monetary Policies of the Euro-Candidates
Hubert Gabrisch, Lucjan T. Orlowski
Abstract
We argue that monetary policies in euro-candidate countries should also aim at mitigating excessive instability of the key target and instrument variables of monetary policy during turbulent market periods. Our empirical tests show a significant degree of leptokurtosis, thus prevalence of tail-risks, in the conditional volatility series of such variables in the euro-candidate countries. Their central banks will be well-advised to use both standard and unorthodox (discretionary) tools of monetary policy to mitigate such extreme risks while steering their economies out of the crisis and through the euroconvergence process. Such policies provide flexibility that is not embedded in the Taylor-type instrument rules, or in the Maastricht convergence criteria.
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International Bank Portfolios: Short- and Long-Run Responses to Macroeconomic Conditions
S. Blank, Claudia M. Buch
Review of International Economics,
No. 2,
2010
Abstract
International bank portfolios constitute a large component of international country portfolios. Yet, banks’ response to international macroeconomic conditions remains largely unexplored.We use a novel dataset on banks’ international portfolios to answer three questions. First, what are the long-run determinants of banks’ international portfolios? Second, how do banks’ international portfolios adjust to short-run macroeconomic developments? Third, does the speed of adjustment change with the degree of financial integration?We find that, in the long-run, market size has a positive impact on foreign assets and liabilities. An increase in the interest differential between the home and the foreign economy lowers foreign assets and increases foreign liabilities. Foreign trade has a positive impact on international bank portfolios, which is independent from the effect of other macroeconomic variables. Short-run dynamics show heterogeneity across countries, but these dynamics can partly be explained with gravity-type variables.
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Specialization, Diversity, Competition and their Impact on Local Economic Growth in Germany
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Annette Illy, Michael Schwartz, Christoph Hornych
Abstract
This study systematically examines the impact of fundamental elements of urban economic structure on urban growth in Germany from 2003 to 2007. We test four elements simultaneously, that is sectoral specialization, diversification of economic activities, urban size as well as the impact of local competition. To account for the effect of varying spatial delimitations in the analysis of urban growth, we further differentiate between cities and planning regions as geographical units. The analysis covers manufacturing industries as well as service sectors. Most previous work produces inconsistent results and concentrates on localization economies and/or diversification, while urban size and the effect of local competition are widely ignored. Our regression results show a U-shaped relationship between localization economies and urban growth and positive effects of local competition on urban growth. With respect to diversification, we find positive effects on urban growth on the city-level, but insignificant results on the level of the planning regions. The impact of urban size also differs between free cities and planning regions; in the former a U-shaped relationship is found whereas the effect is inversely U-shaped for the latter.
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Transmission of Nominal Exchange Rate Changes to Export Prices and Trade Flows and Implications for Exchange Rate Policy
Mathias Hoffmann, Oliver Holtemöller
Scandinavian Journal of Economics,
2010
Abstract
We discuss how the welfare ranking of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes in a New Open Economy Macroeconomics model depends on the interplay between the degree of exchange rate pass-through and the elasticity of substitution between home and foreign goods. We identify combinations of these two parameters for which flexible and fixed exchange rates are superior with respect to welfare as measured by a representative household's utility level. We estimate the two parameters for six non-EMU European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, and the UK) using a heterogeneous dynamic panel approach.
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Knowledge Spill-overs for Knowledge-based Development: Progression in Theory and Obstacles for Empirical Research
Peter Franz
International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development,
2010
Abstract
As scientists and policymakers tend to interpret changes in the economy as a trend towards an increasingly knowledge-based economy, their recommendations and strategies for regional economic development frequently contain elements how to intensify the knowledge flows in the region concerned. Knowledge flows come into existence from intentional action, but also in an unintended way as externalities or knowledge spillovers. This paper reviews the ways regional and urban economics has dealt with the concept of knowledge spillovers. Knowledge spillovers are defined within a conceptual framework that points out different uses of knowledge in economics. The concept’s operationalisations in diverse empirical studies are systematised and discussed. After a critical review of the current state of research, policy strategies aiming to intensify knowledge spillovers are classified. The paper concludes with an outlook on promising new approaches to research knowledge spillovers and on the elaboration of more efficient policy strategies.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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A First Look on the New Halle Economic Projection Model
Sebastian Giesen, Oliver Holtemöller, Juliane Scharff, Rolf Scheufele
Abstract
In this paper we develop a small open economy model explaining the joint determination of output, inflation, interest rates, unemployment and the exchange rate in a multi-country framework. Our model – the Halle Economic Projection Model (HEPM) – is closely related to studies recently published by the International
Monetary Fund (global projection model). Our main contribution is that we model the Euro area countries separately. In this version we consider Germany and France, which represent together about 50 percent of Euro area GDP. The model allows for country specific heterogeneity in the sense that we capture different adjustment patterns to economic shocks. The model is estimated using Bayesian techniques. Out-of-sample and pseudo out-of-sample forecasts are presented.
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Konjunktur aktuell: Die Erholung legt nur eine kurze Pause ein
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Die weltwirtschaftliche Erholung wird sich im Jahr 2010 weiter fortsetzen. Besonders hoch ist die Dynamik in den asiatischen Volkswirtschaften. Auch in den USA erholt sich die wirtschaftliche Aktivität trotz weiterhin bremsender Einflüsse aus dem Immobiliensektor und vom Arbeitsmarkt so weit, dass das
Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr bereits wieder das Vorkrisenniveau erreichen wird. Im Euroraum verläuft die Erholung hingegen schleppend. Für einige Länder bestehen Zweifel daran, ob die Wirtschaftspolitik über die Handlungsspielräume verfügt, die hohen Haushalts- und Leistungsbilanzdefizite einzudämmen. Dies erhöht die Unsicherheit über die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und bremst die Konsum- und Investitionsgüternachfrage. In Deutschland kam die Erholung Ende 2009 ins Stocken; der private Konsum und die Bauinvestitionen fielen schwach aus. Der Arbeitsmarkt zeigt sich hingegen weiterhin sehr robust. Die Unternehmen haben bisher trotz des starken Einbruchs weitgehend auf Entlassungen verzichtet, und eine abrupte Entlassungswelle im Nachgang der Krise wird wohl ausbleiben. Erklären lässt sich dies durch die ausgeweiteten Kurzarbeiterregelungen und die Kosten, die bei Entlassung und erneutem Personalaufbau im Zuge der wirtschaftlichen Erholung entstehen. Die Arbeitsproduktivität wird somit noch einige Zeit unter dem Vorkrisenniveau liegen und keinen großen Spielraum für Lohnerhöhungen bieten, sodass die realen Einkommen nur wenig steigen werden. Der private Konsum dürfte jedoch von der robusten Arbeitsmarktlage tendenziell gestützt werden. Die Hauptantriebskraft für die deutsche Konjunktur ist allerdings nach wie vor die weltwirtschaftliche Dynamik. Sie wird die Exporte nach dem Einbruch in der Krise wieder beflügeln und nach und nach zu einer Wiederbelebung der Unternehmensinvestitionen führen. Insgesamt wird das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in Deutschland im Jahr 2010 um 1,8% zulegen, und auch 2011 setzt sich der Erholungskurs fort. Das Produktionsniveau wird aber Ende 2011 noch unter dem Vorkrisenniveau und unter dem Produktionspotenzial liegen. Für die Wirtschaftspolitik bleibt der sanfte Ausstieg aus der expansiven Geld- und Finanzpolitik die zentrale Aufgabe. Die Nachwehen der globalen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise können nicht als Vorwand dienen, die notwendige Konsolidierung aufzuschieben. Denn eine wichtige Erkenntnis aus der jüngsten Vergangenheit ist, dass nur einem auch finanziell handlungsfähigen Staat die Stabilisierung schwerer wirtschaftlicher Krisen gelingen kann.
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