FDI and the National Innovation System - Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
D. Dyker (ed.), Network Dynamics in Emerging Regions of Europe, Imperial College Press,
2010
Abstract
The paper investigates strategic motives, technological activities and determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness in post-transition economies (Eastern Germany and selected Central East European countries). The empirical study makes use of the IWH FDI micro database. Results of the descriptive analysis of investment motives show that market access dominates over efficiency seeking and other motives. The majority of investors are technologically active in the region as a whole, but countries differ in terms of performance. The probit model estimations show that firm specific characteristics, among them innovativeness and autonomy from parent company, are important determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness.
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Russia: Overcoming the Effects of Economic Crisis Takes Time
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2010
Abstract
Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt schrumpfte in Russland 2009 um nahezu 8% und damit stärker als in anderen großen Volkswirtschaften der Welt. Die spezifischen Bedingungen für das Wachstum in Russland haben sich im Zuge der Finanzkrise offenbart: Die Entwicklung des Ölpreises ist noch immer von großer Bedeutung, doch wurde die Wirtschaft breiter getroffen. Als besonderes Hemmnis hat sich unter den gegenwärtigen Bedingungen die mangelnde Funktionsfähigkeit des einheimischen Finanz- und Bankensektors für die Kreditversorgung des privaten Unternehmenssektors erwiesen, wodurch die Abhängigkeit der Unternehmen vom ausländischen Kapitalmarkt noch verstärkt wurde. Die Folgen der weltweiten Finanzkrise wurden durch diese institutionellen Schwächen in Russland verschärft und erschweren nun deren schnelle Überwindung. Zwar haben sich in den letzten Monaten im Zuge anziehender Rohstoffpreise und steigender Nachfrage die außenwirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die russische Wirtschaft verbessert; die Binnenwirtschaft wird aber vorerst nur gering expandieren, da die Talfahrt der Investitionen aufgrund der schwachen Ertragslage der Unternehmen und noch unzureichender Finanzierungsbedingungen weiter anhält. Die Überwindung der strukturellen Missstände wird längere Zeit in Anspruch nehmen als die kurzfristige Abfederung der Krisenfolgen über Finanztransfers. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt wird vor diesem Hintergrund 2010 und 2011 mit Raten zwischen 3% und 4% deutlich geringer zunehmen als im Durchschnitt der letzten Jahre.
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Aktuelle Trends: IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland
Udo Ludwig, Franziska Exß
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2010
Abstract
Das kräftige Aufbäumen der Konjunktur im letzten Quartal des Krisenjahres 2009 war von kurzer Dauer. Erst im Frühjahr 2010 hat die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft wieder Fahrt aufgenommen. In den ersten Monaten dieses Jahres stagnierte die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion in Ostdeutschland. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist nach Berechnung des IWH sogar mit −0,1% leicht gesunken. Ausschlaggebend waren die witterungsbedingten Ausfälle in der Bauwirtschaft, die Umsatzrückgänge des Handels infolge der sinkenden Verkäufe von Kraftfahrzeugen und die andauernde Konsolidierung im Personalbereich des öffentlichen Dienstes.
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Is East Germany Catching Up? A Time Series Perspective
Bernd Aumann, Rolf Scheufele
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
This article assesses whether the economy of East Germany is catching up with the West German region in terms of welfare. While the primary measure for convergence and catching up is per capita output, we also look at other macroeconomic indicators such as unemployment rates, wage rates and production levels in the manufacturing sector. In contrast to existing studies of convergence between regions of the reunified Germany, our approach is based purely upon the time series dimension and is thus directly focused on the catching up process in East Germany as a region. Our testing set-up includes standard ADF unit root tests as well as unit root tests that endogenously allow for a break in the deterministic component of the process. We find evidence of catching up for East Germany for most of the indicators. However, the convergence speed is slow, and thus it can be expected that the catching up process will take further decades until the regional gap is closed.
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The Extreme Risk Problem for Monetary Policies of the Euro-Candidates
Hubert Gabrisch, Lucjan T. Orlowski
Abstract
We argue that monetary policies in euro-candidate countries should also aim at mitigating excessive instability of the key target and instrument variables of monetary policy during turbulent market periods. Our empirical tests show a significant degree of leptokurtosis, thus prevalence of tail-risks, in the conditional volatility series of such variables in the euro-candidate countries. Their central banks will be well-advised to use both standard and unorthodox (discretionary) tools of monetary policy to mitigate such extreme risks while steering their economies out of the crisis and through the euroconvergence process. Such policies provide flexibility that is not embedded in the Taylor-type instrument rules, or in the Maastricht convergence criteria.
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International Bank Portfolios: Short- and Long-Run Responses to Macroeconomic Conditions
S. Blank, Claudia M. Buch
Review of International Economics,
No. 2,
2010
Abstract
International bank portfolios constitute a large component of international country portfolios. Yet, banks’ response to international macroeconomic conditions remains largely unexplored.We use a novel dataset on banks’ international portfolios to answer three questions. First, what are the long-run determinants of banks’ international portfolios? Second, how do banks’ international portfolios adjust to short-run macroeconomic developments? Third, does the speed of adjustment change with the degree of financial integration?We find that, in the long-run, market size has a positive impact on foreign assets and liabilities. An increase in the interest differential between the home and the foreign economy lowers foreign assets and increases foreign liabilities. Foreign trade has a positive impact on international bank portfolios, which is independent from the effect of other macroeconomic variables. Short-run dynamics show heterogeneity across countries, but these dynamics can partly be explained with gravity-type variables.
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Specialization, Diversity, Competition and their Impact on Local Economic Growth in Germany
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Annette Illy, Michael Schwartz, Christoph Hornych
Abstract
This study systematically examines the impact of fundamental elements of urban economic structure on urban growth in Germany from 2003 to 2007. We test four elements simultaneously, that is sectoral specialization, diversification of economic activities, urban size as well as the impact of local competition. To account for the effect of varying spatial delimitations in the analysis of urban growth, we further differentiate between cities and planning regions as geographical units. The analysis covers manufacturing industries as well as service sectors. Most previous work produces inconsistent results and concentrates on localization economies and/or diversification, while urban size and the effect of local competition are widely ignored. Our regression results show a U-shaped relationship between localization economies and urban growth and positive effects of local competition on urban growth. With respect to diversification, we find positive effects on urban growth on the city-level, but insignificant results on the level of the planning regions. The impact of urban size also differs between free cities and planning regions; in the former a U-shaped relationship is found whereas the effect is inversely U-shaped for the latter.
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