Kommentar: Internationale Klimapolitik: Durban … und nun?
Wilfried Ehrenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2012
Abstract
Nach der 17. UN-Klimakonferenz im südafrikanischen Durban erscheint der aktuelle Stand der Dinge für die Europäische Union unverändert problematisch. Die Asymmetrie zwischen internationaler Wahrnehmung der Klimaproblematik und den eigenen, ambitionierten Reduktionszielen besteht weiter, vor allem im Vergleich zu den USA oder China. Europas Vorbildfunktion scheint andere Staaten bisher nicht ausreichend motiviert zu haben.
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Entrepreneurial Opportunity and the Formation of Photovoltaic Clusters in Eastern Germany
Matthias Brachert, Christoph Hornych
R. Wüstenhagen, R. Wuebker (Hrsg.), Handbook of Research on Energy Entrepreneurship,
2011
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain the evolution of the spatial structures of one particular type of renewable energy in Germany – the photovoltaic (PV) industry. We first demonstrate how environmental movements have contributed to institutional change and government action, leading to changes in the legal and regulative structure in Germany. We describe how these changes opened up a window of locational opportunity (WLO), thus combining the WLO concept with the entrepreneurial opportunity concept. As market entries occurred mainly in Eastern Germany, the paper also explores the factors leading to a concentration of economic activity related to the new PV industry in this part of the country. Based on the WLO concept, we combine this framework with the industrial dynamics literature by Klepper (2007) and illustrate the spatial evolution of the PV industry.
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Regional Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Biotech Industry: Exploring the Transition from Award-winning Nascent Entrepreneurs to Real Start-ups
H. Wolf, Claus Michelsen, Michael Schwartz
Abstract
Knowledge of factors that determine the transition from nascent entrepreneurship into real entrepreneurship is of major importance for policies aiming to effectively stimulate start-ups. Whereas scholars concentrated on person-specific factors to explain transition probabilities, environmental characteristics have been fairly neglected. Given that entrepreneurship is a strongly localized phenomenon, this paper argues that regional entrepreneurial opportunities are a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation. Based on unique data on 103 nascent entrepreneurs in the German biotechnology industry, we empirically assess the importance of regional entrepreneurial opportunities on transition probabilities. Further, we introduce a new
approach to measure nascent entrepreneurship by capturing individuals that actively participate in start-up competitions and have won at least one competition. Controlling for technology and individual characteristics, we find strong support for our hypotheses relating to the significant impact of general regional opportunities, specific regional opportunities and the entrepreneurial environment for the probability of transition from award-winning nascent entrepreneurs to real start-ups.
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Klimarisikomanagement mit dem CO2-Navigator
Edeltraud Günther, C. Manthey, G. Weber, M. Nowack, Wilfried Ehrenfeld, Henry Dannenberg
HMD - Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik,
2010
Abstract
Die Software CO2-Navigator wendet den Realoptionsansatz und den Risikomanagementprozess auf den unternehmerischen Umgang mit dem Klimawandel an. Er richtet sich in erster Linie an emissionsintensive, kleine und mittlere Unternehmen ist jedoch auch in größeren Unternehmen, die beispielsweise eine eigene „Sustainability“-Abteilung unterhalten, anwendbar. Der Wertbeitrag des Softwaretools besteht darin, dass es die Aspekte Klimastrategie, quantitative Bewertung von Klimaschutzinvestitionen sowie Emissionsrechtemanagement vereint. Es kann im Unternehmen in Bereichen strategisches Management, regulatorisches Management, Energie- und Umweltmanagement, Technologiemanagement sowie Controlling Anwendung finden. Der spezielle Wertbeitrag dieses Artikels liegt in der Verknüpfung von Klimarisikomanagement und Realoptionsansatz sowie in der Darstellung des CO2-NAVIGATORs vor dem Hintergrund seiner Entwicklung im Sinne konstruktionsorientierter Forschung.
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Kopenhagen und die Folgen – die Zukunft internationaler Klimapolitik – ein Kommentar
Wilfried Ehrenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2010
Abstract
Viel Lärm um sehr wenig – so könnte man das Ergebnis der am 18. Dezember 2009 zu Ende gegangenen UN-Klimakonferenz zusammenfassen. In Kopenhagen trafen sich Vertreter aus fast 200 Staaten, um über die Zukunft der internationalen Klimapolitik zu verhandeln. Zentrales Ergebnis dieser Verhandlungen ist der „Copenhagen Accord“ – ein zwölf Punkte umfassendes kurzes Dokument. Im Wesentlichen enthält es das bereits Mitte 2009 in L’Aquila von den emissions-intensivsten Staaten beschlossene Ziel, die globale Erwärmung um nicht mehr als 2°C gegenüber vorindustriellen Zeiten ansteigen zu lassen, sowie die Erkenntnis, dass hierzu tiefe Einschnitte bei den Emissionen notwendig sind. Allerdings wurde weder das bereits 2007 festgelegte Ziel erreicht, bis Ende 2009 ein völkerrechtliches Nachfolgeabkommen für das Kyoto-Protokoll zu vereinbaren, noch enthält das Papier das im Vorfeld der Konferenz wiederholt genannte Ziel einer Halbierung des CO2-Ausstoßes bis 2050. Das Ergebnis von Kopenhagen kann bestenfalls die Grundlage für weitere internationale Verhandlungen sein. Wie bereits auf dem Weg zum Kyoto-Protokoll gestalten sich die Verhandlungen schwieriger und langwieriger als erhofft – ein kritisches Zeichen angesichts der immer schneller steigenden Emissionen in den Schwellenländern und den immer noch sehr hohen Emissionen in den Industriestaaten.
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New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa – Institutional and Local Perspectives. African Development Perspectives Yearbook, Vol. 14
Tobias Knedlik, Karl Wohlmuth, Philippe Burger, Achim Gutowski, Mareike Meyn, T. (eds) Urban, Afeikhena Jerome
,
2009
Abstract
The Volume XIV analyses the “New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa“. Institutional issues and perspectives in designing new growth and poverty alleviation strategies are considered in various case studies (Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Botswana and Tanzania). Other studies deal with institutional problems of resource-rich countries after conflict (Sudan) and with the institutions to enhance environmental protection parallel to economic growth and poverty reduction (Niger). Further studies deal with institutions to bridge the gap between formal and informal entrepreneurial sectors in Kenya and Tanzania. Local issues and perspectives for designing new growth and poverty alleviation strategies are considered in case studies on rural-urban development gaps in Tanzania and on microfinance as an instrument for new growth and poverty alleviation strategies (Tanzania and Eritrea). A study on small farmers in Ghana provides information on the role they can play in value chains. Two studies on Nigeria highlight the local and the sub-regional health and poverty alleviation programmes and the relation to growth. Book reviews and book notes on the theme are part of the volume. This volume builds the foundation for a comprehensive strategy of policy reforms in Africa so as to integrate new growth and poverty alleviation strategies. Complementary to Volume XIV is Volume XIII on “New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa - Interational and Regional Perspectives“. Both volumes are of importance for all those who work in African countries as officials, executives, managers, researchers, and policy-makers, but also for all those who actively support Africa's development concerns at the international, regional, country, local, and project levels. They will experience this Volume XIV and also the complementary Volume XIII as indispensable sources of insight, reference, and inspiration.
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Lending Technology, Bank Organization and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena, Günseli Tümer-Alkan
Journal of Financial Transformation,
2009
Abstract
This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical studies investigating how both bank technology and organization shape bank-borrower interactions. We refer to two related concepts for bank technology. First, the technologies banks employ in loan granting decisions and second, the advances in information technology linked to the bank's lending technology. We also summarize and interpret the theoretical and empirical work on bank organization and its influence on lending technologies. We show that the choice of lending technology and bank organization depend heavily on the availability of information, the technological progress in the collection of information, as well as the banking market structure and the legal environment. We draw important policy conclusions from the literature. Competition authorities and supervisors have to remain alert to the consequences of the introduction of any new technology because: (1) advances in technology do not necessarily lead to more intense banking competition, and (2) the impact of technological and financial innovation on financial efficiency and stability depends on the incentives of the entire „loan production chain.‟
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Consequences, opportunities and challenges for modern biotechnology for Europe (BIO4EU) - TASK 2. Report 3
S. Gaisser, Iciar Dominguez Lacasa, Thomas Reiss
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
Modern biotechnology is one of the key enabling technologies of the 21st century with a potentially wide range of applications in many sectors, including health, agriculture and industrial processes. Considering the potential of modern biotechnology to contribute to the achievement of major European Union policy goals, such as economic growth and job creation, public health, environmental protection and sustainable development, the European Parliament has requested the European Commission to carry out an assessment of modern biotechnology. The European Commission welcomed the initiative and announced to undertake a study “to conduct a cost benefit analysis of biotechnology and genetic engineering, including genetically modified organisms in the light of major European policy goals formulated in the Lisbon Strategy,
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Gesamtwirtschaftliche Effekte der Förderung regenerativer Energien, insbesondere der Biomasse - Eine kritische Beurteilung vor dem Hintergrund modelltheoretischer Konzeptionen
Götz Zeddies
Zeitschrift für Umweltpolitik und Umweltrecht 2/2006,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
Erneuerbare Energieträger werden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland derzeit durch politische Instrumente von Bund und Ländern in großem Umfang gefördert. Die Auswirkungen der Förderpolitik auf Konjunktur und Beschäftigung sind jedoch politisch sehr umstritten. Von wissenschaftlicher Seite her sind die makroökonomischen Effekte der Fördermaßnahmen bereits in zahlreichen Studien verschiedenster Autoren beurteilt worden. Auf den ersten Blick lassen jedoch auch die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse aufgrund erheblicher Diskrepanzen keine eindeutigen Schlüsse zu. Die Ursachen hierfür sind in der Verschiedenartigkeit der verwendeten Prognosemodelle hinsichtlich ihrer Geschlossenheit und der Modellannahmen zu sehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll das Ziel des folgenden Beitrags darin liegen, die generelle Problematik makroökonomischer Politikanalysen zu erörtern, modelltheoretische Anforderungen zu formulieren und wichtige zu diesem Zeitpunkt vorliegende Studien hinsichtlich dieser Anforderungen zu überprüfen und ihre Ergebnisse zu bewerten.
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Non-market Allocation in Transport: A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition
Ulrich Blum
50 Years of Transport Research: Experiences Gained and Major Challenges Ahead,
2005
Abstract
Economic theory knows two systems of coordination: through public choice or through the market principle. If the market is chosen, then it may either be regulated, or it may be fully competitive (or be in between these two extremes). This paper first inquires into the reasons for regulation, it analyses the reasons for the important role of government in the transportation sector, especially in the procurement of infrastructure. Historical reasons are seen as important reasons for bureaucratic objections to deregulation. Fundamental economic concepts are forwarded that suggest market failure and justify a regulatory environment. The reasons for regulation cited above, however, may be challenged; we forward theoretical concepts from industrial organization theory and from institutional economics which suggest that competition is even possible on the level of infrastructure. The transition from a strongly regulated to a competitive environment poses problems that have given lieu to numerous failures in privatization and deregulation. Structural inertia plays an important role, and the incentive-compatible management of infrastructure is seen as the key element of any liberal transportation policy. It requires that the setting of rules on the meta level satisfies both local and global efficiency ends. We conclude that, in market economies, competition and regulation should not be substitutes but complements. General rules, an "ethic of competition" have to be set that guarantee a level playing field to agents; it is complimented by institutions that provide arbitration in case of misconduct.
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