Enabling the Wisdom of the Crowd: Transparency in Peer-to-Peer Finance
Oliver Rehbein, Michael Koetter
G20 Insights Policy Brief, Policy Area "Financial Resilience",
2017
Abstract
The rapid growth exhibited by peer-to-peer finance markets raises hopes that especially young ventures might obtain better access to funding. Yet, consumer protection concerns are looming as borrowers and projects requesting finance from the crowd are inherently opaque. We suggest clear rules to enable peer-to-peer lenders and investors to more effectively screen projects. We plea for strengthening self-responsibility of the investor crowd by clearly assigning, and limiting the responsibilities of regulatory authorities and recognizing the regulatory difference between new peer-to-peer, and traditional financial markets. As a result the peer-to-peer market can develop to more effectively complement traditional sources of finance, instead of turning into a funding source for bad investment projects looking to exploit uninformed lenders and investors.
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Tail-risk Protection Trading Strategies
Natalie Packham, Jochen Papenbrock, Peter Schwendner, Fabian Wöbbeking
Quantitative Finance,
No. 5,
2017
Abstract
Starting from well-known empirical stylized facts of financial time series, we develop dynamic portfolio protection trading strategies based on econometric methods. As a criterion for riskiness, we consider the evolution of the value-at-risk spread from a GARCH model with normal innovations relative to a GARCH model with generalized innovations. These generalized innovations may for example follow a Student t, a generalized hyperbolic, an alpha-stable or a Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Our results indicate that the GPD distribution provides the strongest signals for avoiding tail risks. This is not surprising as the GPD distribution arises as a limit of tail behaviour in extreme value theory and therefore is especially suited to deal with tail risks. Out-of-sample backtests on 11 years of DAX futures data, indicate that the dynamic tail-risk protection strategy effectively reduces the tail risk while outperforming traditional portfolio protection strategies. The results are further validated by calculating the statistical significance of the results obtained using bootstrap methods. A number of robustness tests including application to other assets further underline the effectiveness of the strategy. Finally, by empirically testing for second-order stochastic dominance, we find that risk averse investors would be willing to pay a positive premium to move from a static buy-and-hold investment in the DAX future to the tail-risk protection strategy.
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Attracting Early-Stage Investors: Evidence From a Randomized Field Experiment
Shai B. Bernstein, Arthur Korteweg, Kevin Laws
Journal of Finance,
No. 2,
2017
Abstract
This paper uses a randomized field experiment to identify which start-up characteristics are most important to investors in early-stage firms. The experiment randomizes investors? information sets of fund-raising start-ups. The average investor responds strongly to information about the founding team, but not to firm traction or existing lead investors. We provide evidence that the team is not merely a signal of quality, and that investing based on team information is a rational strategy. Together, our results indicate that information about human assets is causally important for the funding of early-stage firms and hence for entrepreneurial success.
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Mind the Gap: The Difference Between U.S. and European Loan Rates
Tobias Berg, Anthony Saunders, Sascha Steffen, Daniel Streitz
Review of Financial Studies,
No. 3,
2017
Abstract
We analyze pricing differences between U.S. and European syndicated loans over the 1992–2014 period. We explicitly distinguish credit lines from term loans. For credit lines, U.S. borrowers pay significantly higher spreads, but lower fees, resulting in similar total costs of borrowing in both markets. Credit line usage is more cyclical in the United States, which provides a rationale for the pricing structure difference. For term loans, we analyze the channels of the cross-country loan price differential and document the importance of: the composition of term loan borrowers and the loan supply by institutional investors and foreign banks.
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European versus Anglo-Saxon Credit View: Evidence from the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis
Marc Altdörfer, Carlos A. De las Salas Vega, Andre Guettler, Gunter Löffler
Abstract
We analyse whether different levels of country ties to Europe among the rating agencies Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch affect the assignment of sovereign credit ratings, using the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis of 2009-2012 as a natural laboratory. We find that Fitch, the rating agency among the “Big Three” with significantly stronger ties to Europe compared to its two more US-tied peers, assigned on average more favourable ratings to Eurozone issuers during the crisis. However, Fitch’s better ratings for Eurozone issuers seem to be neglected by investors as they rather follow the rating actions of Moody’s and S&P. Our results thus doubt the often proposed need for an independent European credit rating agency.
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Im Fokus: Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und wie es dort heute aussieht – Das Beispiel des Chemiestandorts Schkopau
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2016
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht, wie es um den industriellen Kern des Chemiestandorts Schkopau in Sachsen-Anhalt, der eng mit dem Namen Buna verbunden ist, mehr als ein Vierteljahrhundert nach der Herstellung der Deutschen Einheit bestellt ist. Anders als in Bitterfeld-Wolfen, wo eine Privatisierung der großen Chemiekombinate nicht zustande kam und stattdessen eine fragmentierte Landschaft kleiner und mittelgroßer Chemie- und anderer Produktions- und Dienstleistungsfirmen entstand, gelang fast fünf Jahre nach dem Übergang zu marktwirtschaftlichen Verhältnissen ein Verkauf des ehemaligen Stammbetriebs des Kombinats VEB Chemische Werke Buna sowie der Sächsischen Olefinwerke in Böhlen und von Teilen des Leuna-Werkes an den US-amerikanischen Investor The Dow Chemical Company, allerdings unter Inkaufnahme einer starken Reduzierung der Beschäftigtenzahl und mit sehr hohen Subventionen. Der industrielle Kern konnte dadurch erhalten werden. Die intra- und überregionale stoffliche Vernetzung ermöglicht eine moderne und flexible Rohstoffversorgung. Gleichwohl ist der mitteldeutsche Chemiestandort wie andere in Deutschland und Europa in seiner Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch kostengünstige Produktionen in den USA, in Asien und im arabischen Raum herausgefordert.
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The Forward-looking Disclosures of Corporate Managers: Theory and Evidence
Reint E. Gropp, Rasa Karapandza, Julian Opferkuch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 25,
2016
Abstract
We consider an infinitely repeated game in which a privately informed, long-lived manager raises funds from short-lived investors in order to finance a project. The manager can signal project quality to investors by making a (possibly costly) forward-looking disclosure about her project’s potential for success. We find that if the manager’s disclosures are costly, she will never release forward-looking statements that do not convey information to external investors. Furthermore, managers of firms that are transparent and face significant disclosure-related costs will refrain from forward-looking disclosures. In contrast, managers of opaque and profitable firms will follow a policy of accurate disclosures. To test our findings empirically, we devise an index that captures the quantity of forward-looking disclosures in public firms’ 10-K reports, and relate it to multiple firm characteristics. For opaque firms, our index is positively correlated with a firm’s profitability and financing needs. For transparent firms, there is only a weak relation between our index and firm fundamentals. Furthermore, the overall level of forward-looking disclosures declined significantly between 2001 and 2009, possibly as a result of the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
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Im Fokus: Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und wie es dort heute aussieht – Das Beispiel des Metallurgiestandorts Eisenhüttenstadt
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2016
Abstract
Der Metallurgiestandort Eisenhüttenstadt gehörte zu den industriellen Kernen, um deren Erhalt nach Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands gerungen wurde. Der Beitrag untersucht, wie der Kern nach mehr als 25 Jahren Deutscher Einheit dasteht und welche Entwicklung sich vollzogen hat. Das Eisenhüttenstädter Unternehmen bildet weiterhin den prägenden industriellen Kern für die Region, bei starkem Beschäftigungsrückgang. Nach der Übernahme durch den privaten Investor Ende 1994 wurde die bis dahin existierende produktivitätsmindernde Lücke in der Wertschöpfungskette durch Errichtung eines Warmwalzwerks geschlossen. Auch ein neuer Hochofen wurde errichtet. Das Eisenhüttenstädter Werk gehört heute zu ArcelorMittal, dem weltweit größten Stahlkonzern, und ist einer von vier Stahlproduktionsstandorten des Konzerns in Deutschland. Geforscht wird an anderen Standorten außerhalb Deutschlands. Hergestellt werden qualitativ hochwertige Flachstähle für die zentral- und osteuropäischen Märkte. Die Produktion ist hochmodern und wettbewerbsfähig, sieht sich aber insbesondere durch Importwettbewerb und Pläne der EU-Kommission für den Emissionsrechtehandel herausgefordert. Weiterer Strukturwandel und wirtschaftliche Diversifizierung sind in Eisenhüttenstadt vonnöten.
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In Search of Concepts: The Effects of Speculative Demand on Stock Returns
Owain ap Gwilym, Iftekhar Hasan, Qingwei Wang, Ru Xie
European Financial Management,
No. 3,
2016
Abstract
Using a novel proxy of investors' speculative demand constructed from online search interest in investment concepts, we examine how speculative demand affects the returns of Chinese stocks. We find that speculative demand increases following high market returns and predicts subsequent return reversals. Moreover, the speculative demand explains more variation in subsequent returns of A shares (more populated by retail investors) than B shares (less populated by retail investors). Our findings support the recently developed attention theory.
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The Political Determinants of Government Bond Holdings
Stefan Eichler, Timo Plaga
Abstract
This paper analyzes the link between political factors and sovereign bond holdings of US investors in 60 countries over the 2003-2013 period. We find that, in general, US investors hold more bonds in countries with few political constraints on the government. Moreover, US investors respond to increased uncertainty around major elections by reducing government bond holdings. These effects are particularly significant in democratic regimes and countries with sound institutions, which enable effective implementation of fiscal consolidation measures or economic reforms. In countries characterized by high current default risk or a sovereign default history, US investors show a tendency towards favoring higher political constraints as this makes sovereign default more difficult for the government. Political instability, characterized by the fluctuation in political veto players, reduces US investment in government bonds. This effect is more pronounced in countries with low sovereign solvency.
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