Changing Forces of Gravity: How the Crisis Affected International Banking
Claudia M. Buch, Katja Neugebauer, Christoph Schröder
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 15,
2013
Abstract
The global financial crisis has brought to an end a rather unprecedented period of banks’ international expansion. We analyze the effects of the crisis on international banking. Using a detailed dataset on the international assets of all German banks with foreign affiliates for the years 2002-2011, we study bank internationalization before and during the crisis. Our data allow analyzing not only the international assets of the banks’ headquarters but also of their foreign affiliates. We show that banks have lowered their international assets, both along the extensive and the intensive margin. This withdrawal from foreign markets is the result of changing market conditions, of policy interventions, and of a weakly increasing sensitivity of banks to financial frictions.
Read article
IT Use, Productivity, and Market Power in Banking
Michael Koetter, Felix Noth
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
Information management is a core process in banking that can resolve information asymmetries and thereby help to mitigate competitive pressure. We test if the use of information technology (IT) contributes to bank output, and how IT-augmented bank productivity relates to differences in market power. Detailed bank-level information on the use of IT reveals a substantial upward bias in bank productivity estimates when ignoring banks’ IT expenditures. IT-augmented bank productivity correlates positively with Lerner markups. A mere increase in IT expenditures, however, reduces markups. Results hold across a range of bank output definitions and productivity estimation methods.
Read article
Sovereign Default Risk and Decentralization: Evidence for Emerging Markets
Stefan Eichler, M. Hofmann
European Journal of Political Economy,
No. 32,
2013
Abstract
We study the impact of decentralization on sovereign default risk. Theory predicts that decentralization deteriorates fiscal discipline since subnational governments undertax/overspend, anticipating that, in the case of overindebtedness, the federal government will bail them out. We analyze whether investors account for this common pool problem by attaching higher sovereign yield spreads to more decentralized countries. Using panel data on up to 30 emerging markets in the period 1993–2008 we confirm this hypothesis. Higher levels of fiscal and political decentralization increase sovereign default risk. Moreover, higher levels of intergovernmental transfers and a larger number of veto players aggravate the common pool problem.
Read article
Aktienkurse: Blase oder Frühindikator?
Oliver Holtemöller
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 12,
2013
Abstract
Die Senkung der EZB-Leitzinsen im November 2013 hat die Kritik an den Niedrigzinsen erneut befeuert. Es wird befürchtet, dass die niedrigen Zinsen zu Vermögenspreisblasen führen könnten. So wird beispielsweise von einigen Beobachtern vor einer Immobilienpreisblase in Deutschland gewarnt. Früher wurden auch schon hohe Rohstoffpreise in Verbindung mit zu lockerer Geldpolitik gebracht. Und gegenwärtig schwingen sich die Aktienkurse in Deutschland von einem Höchststand zum nächsten auf. Kann man hier bereits von einer Aktienkursblase reden? Dafür spricht, dass die Aktienkurse in Deutschland in den vergangenen Monaten überdurchschnittlich stark gestiegen sind. Allerdings war deren prozentualer Anstieg vor den Kursstürzen in den Jahren 1987, 2000 und 2008 noch deutlich höher.
Read article
What Do We Learn from Schumpeterian Growth Theory?
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Peter Howitt
P. Aghion, S. N. Durlauf (Hrsg.), Handbook of Economic Growth, Band 2B, Amsterdam: North Holland,
2014
Abstract
Schumpeterian growth theory has operationalized Schumpeter’s notion of creative destruction by developing models based on this concept. These models shed light on several aspects of the growth process that could not be properly addressed by alternative theories. In this survey, we focus on four important aspects, namely: (i) the role of competition and market structure; (ii) firm dynamics; (iii) the relationship between growth and development with the notion of appropriate growth institutions; and (iv) the emergence and impact of long-term technological waves. In each case, Schumpeterian growth theory delivers predictions that distinguish it from other growth models and which can be tested using micro data.
Read article
Has Labor Income Become More Volatile? Evidence from International Industry-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch
German Economic Review,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
Changes in labor market institutions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This article documents and analyzes changes in income volatility using data for 11 industrialized countries, 22 industries and 35 years (1970–2004). The article has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor income has declined in parallel to the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the industry-specific, idiosyncratic component of labor income volatility has hardly changed. Third, cross-sectional heterogeneity is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile relative to the volatility of capital incomes. Fourth, the volatility of labor income relative to the volatility of capital income declines in the labor share. Trade openness has no clear-cut impact.
Read article
Granularity in Banking and Growth: Does Financial Openness Matter?
Franziska Bremus, Claudia M. Buch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 14,
2013
Abstract
We explore the impact of large banks and of financial openness for aggregate growth. Large banks matter because of granular effects: if markets are very concentrated in terms of the size distribution of banks, idiosyncratic shocks at the bank-level do not cancel out in the aggregate but can affect macroeconomic outcomes. Financial openness may affect GDP growth in and of itself, and it may also influence concentration in banking and thus the impact of bank-specific shocks for the aggregate economy. To test these relationships, we use different measures of de jure and de facto financial openness in a linked micro-macro panel dataset. Our research has three main findings: First, bank-level shocks significantly impact on GDP. Second, financial openness lowers GDP growth. Third, granular effects tend to be stronger in financially closed economies.
Read article
Towards Deeper Financial Integration in Europe: What the Banking Union Can Contribute
Claudia M. Buch, T. Körner, Benjamin Weigert
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 13,
2013
Abstract
The agreement to establish a Single Supervisory Mechanism in Europe is a major step towards a Banking Union, consisting of centralized powers for the supervision of banks, the restructuring and resolution of distressed banks, and a common deposit insurance system. In this paper, we argue that the Banking Union is a necessary complement to the common currency and the Internal Market for capital. However, due care needs to be taken that steps towards a Banking Union are taken in the right sequence and that liability and control remain at the same level throughout. The following elements are important. First, establishing a Single Supervisory Mechanism under the roof of the ECB and within the framework of the current EU treaties does not ensure a sufficient degree of independence of supervision and monetary policy. Second, a European institution for the restructuring and resolution of banks should be established and equipped with sufficient powers. Third, a fiscal backstop for bank restructuring is needed. The ESM can play a role but additional fiscal burden sharing agreements are needed. Direct recapitalization of banks through the ESM should not be possible until legacy assets on banks’ balance sheets have been cleaned up. Fourth, introducing European-wide deposit insurance in the current situation would entail the mutualisation of legacy assets, thus contributing to moral hazard.
Read article
Aktuelle Trends: ista-IWH-Energieeffizienzindex 2012: Weiter auf dem Pfad der Einsparung!
Claus Michelsen, Sebastian Rosenschon, Michael Barkholz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2013
Abstract
Der ista-IWH-Energieeffizienzindex zeigt für die aktuelle Abrechnungsperiode 2012, dass sich die Gesamtentwicklung des sinkenden Heizenergieverbrauchs in Mehrfamilienhäusern weiter verstetigt hat. Die durchschnittliche Veränderung zwischen 2010 und 2012 liegt bei rund −0,8% pro Jahr. Der für das Jahr 2011 festgestellte leichte Anstieg des Energieverbrauchs hat sich damit erwartungsgemäß nicht als wirkliche Trendwende erwiesen. Die Einsparung der letzten beiden Jahre fällt allerdings geringer aus als der längerfristige Trend von ca. −1,8% im Jahresdurchschnitt seit 2005.
Read article
Konjunktur aktuell: Deutsche Wirtschaft im Aufschwung
Konjunktur aktuell,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
Für die deutsche Wirtschaft stehen die Zeichen auf Erholung. Das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt zog nach einem Rückgang im vergangenen Winterhalbjahr im Sommer 2013 wieder an. Das preisbereinigte Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte im Jahr 2013 um 0,6% und im Jahr 2014 um 2% zulegen. Während die Arbeitslosenquote im Jahr 2014 zurückgeht, wird sich die Verbraucherpreisinflation etwas beschleunigen.
Read article
