Macroeconomic Challenges in the Euro Area and the Acceding Countries
Katja Drechsel
Dissertation, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Universität Osnabrück,
2010
Abstract
deutscher Titel: Makroökonomische Herausforderungen für die Eurozone und die Beitrittskandidaten
Abstract: The conduct of effective economic policy faces a multiplicity of macroeconomic challenges, which requires a wide scope of theoretical and empirical analyses. With a focus on the European Union, this doctoral dissertation consists of two parts which make empirical and methodological contributions to the literature on forecasting real economic activity and on the analysis of business cycles in a boom-bust framework in the light of the EMU enlargement. In the first part, we tackle the problem of publication lags and analyse the role of the information flow in computing short-term forecasts up to one quarter ahead for the euro area GDP and its main components. A huge dataset of monthly indicators is used to estimate simple bridge equations. The individual forecasts are then pooled, using different weighting schemes. To take into consideration the release calendar of each indicator, six forecasts are compiled successively during the quarter. We find that the sequencing of information determines the weight allocated to each block of indicators, especially when the first month of hard data becomes available. This conclusion extends the findings of the recent literature. Moreover, when combining forecasts, two weighting schemes are found to outperform the equal weighting scheme in almost all cases. In the second part, we focus on the potential accession of the new EU Member States in Central and Eastern Europe to the euro area. In contrast to the discussion of Optimum Currency Areas, we follow a non-standard approach for the discussion on abandonment of national currencies the boom-bust theory. We analyse whether evidence for boom-bust cycles is given and draw conclusions whether these countries should join the EMU in the near future. Using a broad range of data sets and empirical methods we document credit market imperfections, comprising asymmetric financing opportunities across sectors, excess foreign currency liabilities and contract enforceability problems both at macro and micro level. Furthermore, we depart from the standard analysis of comovements of business cycles among countries and rather consider long-run and short-run comovements across sectors. While the results differ across countries, we find evidence for credit market imperfections in Central and Eastern Europe and different sectoral reactions to shocks. This gives favour for the assessment of the potential euro accession using this supplementary, non-standard approach.
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State Aid in the Enlarged European Union. An Overview
Jens Hölscher, Nicole Nulsch, Johannes Stephan
Abstract
In the early phase of transition that started with the 1990s, Central and Eastern European Countries pursued economic restructuring of the enterprise sector that involved massive injections of state support. Also foreign investment from the West and facilitation of the development of a market economy involved massive injections of state support. With their accession to the European Union (EU), levels and forms of state aid came under critical review by the European Commission. This inquiry investigates whether the integration of the new member states operates on a level playing field with respect to state aid. Quantitative and qualitative analysis is relied upon to answer this key, as well as other, related questions. Findings suggest that in recent years a level playing field across the EU has indeed emerged. State aid in the new EU member countries is rather handled more strictly than laxer compared to the ‘old’ EU countries.
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Interest Rate Convergence in the Euro-Candidate Countries: Volatility Dynamics of Sovereign Bond Yields
Hubert Gabrisch, Lucjan T. Orlowski
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,
2010
Abstract
We argue that a “static“ specification of the Maastricht criterion for long-term bond yields is not conducive to assessing stability of financial systems in euro-candidate countries. Instead, we advocate a dynamic approach to assessing interest rate convergence to a common currency that is based on the analysis of financial system stability. Accordingly, we empirically test volatility dynamics of the ten-year sovereign bond yields of the 2004 EU accession countries in relation to the eurozone yields during the January 2, 2001-January 22, 2009, sample period. Our results show a varied degree of the relationship between domestic and eurozone sovereign bond yields, the most pronounced for the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Poland, and weaker for Hungary and Slovakia. We find some divergence of relative bond yields since the EU accession.
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Poverty in EU Countries
Herbert S. Buscher, Ingmar Kumpmann, Li Huan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2010
Abstract
Dass Armut in den meisten Staaten der EU ein immer dringlicher werdendes Problem darstellt, darauf verweisen nicht nur die entsprechenden sozialen Einrichtungen und Sozialverbände, sondern auch offizielle Berichte von Regierungen (z.B. der dritte Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht der deutschen Bundesregierung), Forschungsprogramme der EU zur Armut und ihrer Messung bzw. Messbarkeit (AMELI und die so genannten Laeken-Kriterien zur Messung relativer Armut) sowie der Tatbestand, dass die EU das Jahr 2010 als Jahr zur Bekämpfung von Armut und sozialer Ausgrenzung ausgerufen hat. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene Maße zur Messung von Armut bzw. Ungleichheit der Einkommensverteilung in den einzelnen Staaten der EU für die Jahre 2000 und 2008. Die hier vorgestellten Indikatoren gehören zu den Laeken-Maßen und sind von allen Staaten der EU zu ermitteln und zu veröffentlichen. Hierdurch kann einerseits die deutsche Situation in einen europäischen Kontext eingebettet und andererseits ein Bewusstsein geweckt werden für ein zukünftig verstärkt auftretendes gesellschaftliches Problem.
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A New Metric for Banking Integration in Europe
Reint E. Gropp, A. K. Kashyap
Europe and the Euro,
2010
Abstract
Most observers have concluded that while money markets and government bond markets are rapidly integrating following the introduction of the common currency in the euro area, there is little evidence that a similar integration process is taking place for retail banking. Data on cross-border retail bank flows, cross-border bank mergers and the law of one price reveal no evidence of integration in retail banking. This paper shows that the previous tests of bank integration are weak in that they are not based on an equilibrium concept and are neither necessary nor sufficient statistics for bank integration. The paper proposes a new test of integration based on convergence in banks' profitability. The new test emphasises the role of an active market for corporate control and of competition in banking integration. European listed banks profitability appears to converge to a common level. There is weak evidence that competition eliminates high profits for these banks, and underperforming banks tend to show improved profitability. Unlisted European banks differ markedly. Their profits show no tendency to revert to a common target rate of profitability. Overall, the banking market in Europe appears far from being integrated. In contrast, in the U.S. both listed and unlisted commercial banks profits converge to the same target, and high profit banks see their profits driven down quickly.
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The Determinants of Bank Capital Structure
Reint E. Gropp, Florian Heider
Review of Finance,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
The paper shows that mispriced deposit insurance and capital regulation were of second-order importance in determining the capital structure of large U.S. and European banks during 1991 to 2004. Instead, standard cross-sectional determinants of non-financial firms’ leverage carry over to banks, except for banks whose capital ratio is close to the regulatory minimum. Consistent with a reduced role of deposit insurance, we document a shift in banks’ liability structure away from deposits towards non-deposit liabilities. We find that unobserved time-invariant bank fixed-effects are ultimately the most important determinant of banks’ capital structures and that banks’ leverage converges to bank specific, time-invariant targets.
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Technology Clubs, R&D and Growth Patterns: Evidence from EU Manufacturing
Claire Economidou, J. W. B. Bos, Michael Koetter
European Economic Review,
No. 1,
2010
Abstract
This paper investigates the forces driving output change in a panel of EU manufacturing industries. A flexible modeling strategy is adopted that accounts for: (i) inefficient use of resources and (ii) differences in the production technology across industries. With our model we are able to identify technical, efficiency, and input growth for endogenously determined technology clubs. Technology club membership is modeled as a function of R&D intensity. This framework allows us to explore the components of output growth in each club, technology spillovers and catch-up issues across industries and countries.
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A Dynamic Approach to Interest Rate Convergence in Selected Euro-candidate Countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Lucjan T. Orlowski
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 10,
2009
Abstract
We advocate a dynamic approach to monetary convergence to a common currency that is based on the analysis of financial system stability. Accordingly, we empirically test volatility dynamics of the ten-year sovereign bond yields of the 2004 EU accession countries in relation to the eurozone yields during the January 2, 2001 untill January 22, 2009 sample period. Our results show a varied degree of bond yield co-movements, the most pronounced for the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Poland, and weaker for Hungary and Slovakia. However, since the EU accession, we find some divergence of relative bond yields. We argue that a ‘static’ specification of the Maastricht criterion for long-term bond yields is not fully conducive for advancing stability of financial systems in the euro-candidate countries.
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Interest Rate Convergence in Euro Candidate Countries: A Dynamic Analysis
Hubert Gabrisch, Lucjan T. Orlowski
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2009
Abstract
Die vorliegende Studie schlägt einen neuen analytischen Ansatz zur Beurteilung nominaler Konvergenzprozesse in der EU vor. Dieser Ansatz wird auf eines der Maastricht-Kriterien für die Aufnahme eines neuen EU-Mitglieds in die Eurozone angewendet, nämlich die Zinssätze auf langfristige Staatspapiere, gemessen hier als deren Renditen. Das Argument lautet, dass die Dynamik der Renditen Informationen über versteckte Risiken der Zinskonvergenz enthält, die sich durch angemessene ökonometrische Methoden aufdecken lassen. Diese Risiken können selbst dann zutage treten, wenn ein Land das eigentliche Konvergenzkriterium erfüllt hat und dem Euroraum beigetreten ist. Die Risiken der Zinsentwicklung werden von Schwächen der Finanzsysteme der Länder und ihrer makroökonomischen Fundamentaldaten bestimmt. Daraus ist zu schließen, dass eine Betrachtung lediglich der politisch gesetzten Konvergenzkriterien das Risiko von Fehleinschätzungen beinhaltet. Schließlich erlaubt die hier verwendete Methode auch eine Beurteilung der potenziellen Ansteckungseffekte für die Finanz- und Fiskalsysteme durch die gegenwärtige globale Finanzkrise. Die Analyse verdeutlicht, dass bis auf die Slowakei alle untersuchten Länder auf dem Weg zur Euro-Übernahme keine wichtigen Fortschritte hinsichtlich der Reduzierung systemischer Risiken gezeigt haben, sodass nach einer Übernahme des Euro (Slowenien und die Slowakei haben ihn bereits übernommen) eine große Instabilität der Risikoaufschläge zu erwarten ist.
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