The State of Convergence in SADC
Tobias Knedlik, F. Povel
Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook, Vol. 7,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
Der Vertrag der Southern African Development Community (SADC) beinhalted eine Agenda zur regionalen Integration, die das Ziel der Errichtung einer Währungsunion bis zum Jahr 2018 einschließt. Um Schlussfolgerungen bezüglich der Durchführbarkeit und Optimalität einer Währungsunion zu ziehen, kann auf makroökonomische Konvergenzanalysen zurückgegriffen werden. In diesem Beitrag werden Unit-Root-Tests im Stile von Im, Pesaran und Shin (2003) durchgeführt, um auf Konvergenz zwischen den Ländern des südliche Afrika zu testen. Die Testergebnisse zeigen, dass die Länder des südlichen Afrika in Richtung Südafrikas konvergieren.
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Money and Credit Market Integration in an enlarging Euro Zone: Methodological Issues
Johannes Stephan, Jens Hölscher
European Economic Policies - Alteratives to Orthodox Analysis and Policy Concepts,
2006
Abstract
“The chapter discusses methodological issues of money and credit market integration within the context of an enlarging Euro area. Common methods of interest parity tests are rejected in favour of a comparison of nominal interest rates. Hölscher and Stephan find that from an institutional point of view the new EU member countries look under-banked, whereas interest rates are converging. As policy implication the paper argues for a Euro adoption of the new EU members rather sooner than later.“
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Can EU Policy Intervention Help Productivity Catch-Up?
Johannes Stephan, P. Holmes, J. Lopez-Gonzales, C. Stolberg
Closing the EU East-West Productivity Gap - Foreign direct Investment, Competitiveness, and Public Policy,
2006
Abstract
"A product of the Framework V research project, this book addresses one of the key problems facing the EU today: Why is the ‘new’ EU so much poorer than the ‘old’, and how will EU enlargement help to solve the problem? Focusing on the productivity problems underlying the East-West gap, it looks in particular at the role that foreign investment and R&D can play in closing it. Against that background, the book assesses what role proactive development policy might play in attacking the roots of low social productivity. Concluding that there will be a clear-cut process of convergence between East and West, albeit an incomplete one, it finishes with an assessment of the patterns of competitiveness, East and West, that are likely to emerge from this process of incomplete convergence."
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Are Botswana and Mozambique ready for CMA enlargement?
Tobias Knedlik
Botswana Journal of Economics,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
The paper elaborates on the appropriateness of a potentially enlarged Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa including Botswana and Mozambique. The theory of optimum currency areas including some extensions by accounting for costs of non-integration and considering the external relations of currency areas are presented. Various indicators such as the structure of the economies, interest rates, inflation rates, exchange rates, factor mobility and trading partners are observed empirically. The paper concludes that current changes in the exchange rate policy of Botswana are expected to lead to increasing, though already high, convergence with CMA countries. Botswana is therefore an appropriate candidate for CMA enlargement. Mozambique is converging towards South Africa but still remains on a lower level. Taking into account the costs of non-integration, however, the target of integration should be formulated for the medium term.
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Economic convergence across German regions in light of empirical findings
Udo Ludwig, John B. Hall
Cambridge Journal of Economics,
2006
Abstract
This paper challenges the convergence hypothesis advanced by R. Barro and X. Sala-i-Martin as it is applied to explain the forces behind, patterns exhibited by and time line for German regional convergence. Exposed in some detail are the spurious neoclassical and marginalist assumptions, purporting that 'automatic' forces would indeed bring about a convergence in per capita incomes between two German regions. A trend exhibiting slow growth in per capita income in Germany's eastern region renders a Beta coefficient so low as to rule out convergence altogether. In addition, capital fails to move between German regions in the pattern assumed by the convergence hypothesis.
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Can Export Activities of Firms Contribute to the Catching-Up Process of Transitional Economies?
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Can the transitional and development economies ever catch up? The Materials from The International Scientific Conference Cracow,
2006
Abstract
In contrast to the majority of the former centrally planned economies, the East German economy has suffered from enormous losses in the transformation process. In the study the question is analyzed whether exports can contribute to the catching-up process in transitional economies. Here it must be explained why the firms emerging out of the privatization process in economies in transition are successful if the export sector consists of small and medium sized enterprises. That is the case with East German manufacturing industry. The study is based on individual company data from the surveys of the East Germany's and North Rhine Westphalia's manufacturing industry between 1995 and 2001 stemming from official statistics.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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East German economy: Catching up in tiny steps
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2005
Abstract
Trotz der allgemein schwachen Inlandsnachfrage in ganz Deutschland ist die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion im Ostteil der Republik 2004 das dritte Jahr in Folge gestiegen. Kräftig erhöht hat sich die Nachfrage des Auslands nach Gütern aus Ostdeutschland. Die Warenausfuhren sind überdurchschnittlich in die alten EU-Länder gestiegen, Impulse aus dem Vollzug der Osterweiterung lassen sich dagegen für die neuen Bundesländer kaum nachweisen. Nach dem Fall der letzten Handelsschranken hat es auch keinen Importboom aus den neuen Mitgliedsländern gegeben. Der Anstoß aus dem Ausland hat zwar die Exportindustrien und ihre Zulieferzweige erreicht, aber infolge des geringen Gewichts dieses Sektors war die Wirkung auf die Gesamtwirtschaft gering....
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Does language matter? Language barriers and convergence in the EU-25.
Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2005
Abstract
Gemäß neoklassischer Vorstellung erhöht die Offenheit von Ökonomien die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich deren Pro-Kopf-Einkommen angleichen. Zur Förderung der wirtschaftlichen Konvergenz der EURegionen wurden daher die Barrieren des freien Austauschs von Faktoren und Gütern sukzessive vermindert. Das Fortschreiten der Konvergenz innerhalb Europas lässt dennoch zu wünschen übrig. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, ob nicht die Vielzahl der europäischen Sprachgrenzen Teil der Erklärung des schleppenden Annäherungsprozesses sein könnte. Aus institutionen- und informationsökonomischer Sicht lässt sich auf die höheren Transaktionskosten und auf Reputationseffekte verweisen, welche die Überwindung von Sprachgrenzen erschweren. In der Folge würde der Kapitalund Wissenstransfer von reichen Ökonomien hin zu weniger wohlhabenden Volkswirtschaften gehemmt, in umgekehrter Richtung verringerte sich die Wanderung von Arbeitskräften. Es resultierte eine geringere Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit sprachlich heterogener Regionen im Vergleich zu Räumen, die nicht von Sprachgrenzen durchzogen sind.
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East Germany's original economic power still weaker as supposed
Harald Lehmann, Udo Ludwig, Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Die Nachfrage in den neuen Ländern wird zu rund einem Viertel durch Transferzuflüsse aus Westdeutschland gestützt. Grund hierfür ist vor allem, dass die in Ostdeutschland selbst erzielten Beiträge zu den Sozialversicherungen (Arbeitslosenund Rentenversicherung) nicht ausreichen, die Ansprüche der Leistungsempfänger zu decken. Darüber hinaus wird auch die schwache Finanzkraft der ostdeutschen Länder in erheblichem Maße durch Leistungen des Bundes und der westdeutschen Länder aufgestockt. Ohne diese West-Ost- Transfers könnte das materielle Wohlstandsniveau in den neuen Ländern in bisheriger Höhe nicht aufrechterhalten werden. Bislang nicht untersucht wurde aber, wie sich diese Transferleistungen auf das ostdeutsche Bruttoinlandsprodukt auswirken. Dieses Forschungsdefizit wird in diesem Beitrag geschlossen.
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