Reform of IMF Lending Facilities Increases Stability in Emerging Market Economies
J. John, Tobias Knedlik
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Im Zuge der aktuellen Finanz- und Konjunkturkrise gewann der Internationale Währungsfonds (IWF) stark an Bedeutung. Dies zeigte sich vor allem in der erheblichen Ausweitung der verfügbaren Mittel des Fonds. Im Zuge der Krise wurden auch die Kreditlinien des IWF überarbeitet. Zwei neue Instrumente sind dabei von besonderem Interesse, die Flexible Credit Line (FCL) und die High
Access Precautionary Arrangements (HAPA). Nachdem bereits früher mit präventiven Kreditlinien experimentiert wurde, ist die FCL das erste Kreditinstrument mit vorgelagertem Qualifikationsprozess, das auch auf Nachfrage stieß. Dabei ersetzt die Ex-ante-Qualifikation die bisher bei allen IWF-Krediten übliche Ex-post-Konditionalität. Dies bedeutet, dass qualifizierte Länder im Falle einer Krise direkt auf die IWFMittel zurückgreifen können. Ein langwieriger Verhandlungsprozess ist damit ebenso obsolet wie die häufig kritisierten begleitenden Reformprogramme. Damit erfüllt der IWF nunmehr wesentliche Voraussetzungen für eine präventive Kreditvergabe. Auch die befürchtete Stigmatisierung der Länder, die Interesse an den neuen Krediten zeigten, blieb
bislang aus. Die Indikatoren für Polen, Mexiko und Kolumbien, also jener Länder, die bisher FCLVereinbarungen geschlossen haben, sind positiv. Die neuen Instrumente dürften deshalb die Stabilität in Schwellenländern erhöhen.
Kritisch zu betrachten bleibt jedoch die Gefahr erhöhter Risikobereitschaft durch die Finanzmarktakteure, solange die Kreditinstrumente nicht von einem effektiven regulatorischen Rahmen begleitet werden. Die systemische Bedeutung der neuen
Kreditinstrumente wird zudem durch die bislang geringe Nachfrage geschmälert.
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A Simple Macro Model of Original Sin based on Optimal Price Setting under Incomplete Information
Axel Lindner
International Economics and Economic Policy,
2009
Abstract
This paper analyses the consequences of “original sin“ (the fact that the currency of an emerging market economy usually cannot be used to borrow abroad) for macroeconomic stability. The approach is based on third-generation models of currency crises, but differs from alternative versions by explicitly modeling the price setting behavior of firms if prices are sticky and there is incomplete information about the future exchange rate. It is shown that a small depreciation is beneficial, but a large one is detrimental.
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Is the European Monetary Union an Endogenous Currency Area? The Example of the Labor Markets
Herbert S. Buscher, Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
Our study tries to find out whether wage dynamics between Euro member countries became more synchronized through the adoption of the common currency. We calculate bivarate correlation coefficients of wage and wage cost dynamics and run a model of endogenously induced changes of coefficients, which are explained by other variables being also endogenous: trade intensity, sectoral specialization, financial integration. We used a panel data structure to allow for cross-section weights for country-pair observations. We use instrumental variable regressions in order to disentangle exogenous from endogenous influences. We applied these techniques to real and nominal wage dynamics and to dynamics of unit labor costs. We found evidence for persistent asymmetries in nominal wage formation despite a single currency and monetary policy, responsible for diverging unit labor costs and for emerging trade imbalances among the EMU member countries.
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Mittel- und Osteuropa wird von der globalen Finanzkrise angesteckt
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Themenheft Weltfinanzkrise -
2009
Abstract
Noch bis zum Ende des Frühjahrs 2008 schien es, als würden die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder von der globalen Finanzkrise nicht allzu stark getroffen zu werden. Zwar hatte die ungarische Regierung das seit einigen Jahren bestehende Wechselkursband für den Forint im Februar aufgeben müssen, zwar nahmen die Inflationsraten in allen Ländern ebenso wie in der gesamten EU nicht zuletzt wegen der spekulativen Preisentwicklungen auf den Rohstoffmärkten zu, auch kam es zu erheblichen Rückgängen der Kurse an den wichtigsten Börsenplätzen, aber insgesamt fielen diese Bewegungen schwächer aus als in den „alten“ EU-Ländern und der Gesamtheit der emerging markets.
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Globalisation and the Competitiveness of the Euro Area
Filippo di Mauro, Katrin Forster
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
No. 97,
2008
Abstract
Against the background of increasing competition and other significant structural changes implied by globalisation, maintaining and enhancing competitiveness has evolved into one of the prime concerns in most countries. Following up on previous work (see in particular ECB Occasional Papers No. 30 and No. 55), this Occasional Paper examines the latest developments and prospects for the competitiveness and trade performance of the euro area and the euro area countries. Starting from an analysis of most commonly used, traditional competitiveness indicators, the paper largely confirms the findings of previous studies that there have been substantial adjustments in euro area trade. Euro area firms have taken advantage of the new opportunities offered by globalisation, and have at the same time been increasingly challenged by emerging economies. This is primarily reflected in the loss of export market shares which have been recorded over the last decade. While these can partly be related to the losses in the euro area's price competitiveness, further adjustment also seems warranted with regard to the export specialisation. Compared with other advanced competitors, the euro area remains relatively more specialised in labour intensive categories of goods and has shown only a few signs of a stronger specialisation in research-intensive goods. Nevertheless, the paper generally calls for a more cautious approach when assessing the prospects for euro area competitiveness, as globalisation has made it increasingly difficult to define and measure competitiveness. Stressing the need to take a broader view on competitiveness, specifically with a stronger emphasis on productivity performance, the paper also introduces a more elaborate framework that takes into account the interactions between country-specific factors and firm-level productivity. It thus makes it possible to construct more broadly defined competitiveness measures. Pointing to four key factors determining the global competitiveness of euro area countries - market accessibility, market size, technological leadership of firms and institutional set-up - the analysis provides further arguments for continuing efforts to increase market integration and strengthen the competitive environment within Europe as a mean of enhancing resource allocation and coping with the challenges globalisation creates.
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Neoclassical versus Keynesian approaches to Eastern German unemployment: a rejoinder to Merkl and Snower
Udo Ludwig, John B. Hall
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
This rejoinder contrasts a Keynesian approach for explaining unemployment in Germany’s eastern region with a neoclassical, market-failure approach advanced by Christian Merkl and Dennis Snower: A skewed distribution of headquarters favoring the western region, combined with insufficient levels of effictive demand for output – and subsequently for labor – are argued to be the key causes of persistent unemployment. Seven tables offer a comparative approach to output, investment, and labor demand in Germany’s eastern and western regions, noting the emergence and persistence of „involuntary“ unemployment appearing as a jobs‘ gap in the eastern region, especially for services.
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Implementation of Competition Law in Developing and Transition Countries. Theoretical and Empirical Considerations
Franz Kronthaler
Schriften des IWH,
No. 26,
2007
Abstract
The success of free market economies over the last 200 years supports the notion that competition increases individual and social wealth. Developing countries that have undergone the necessary reforms today are amongst the most driving “emerging” economies in the world.
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The Effect of the Iraq War on Foreign Bank Lending to the MENA Region
H. Evren Damar
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,
No. 5,
2007
Abstract
This paper examines whether a large geopolitical event, such as the war in Iraq, can affect foreign bank lending from developed countries to emerging markets. Using country-level data, the paper analyzes the effects of economic shocks and the Iraq war on the availability of foreign bank credit to five countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The war has had a nonuniform effect on foreign banks: Although the war has led to higher U.S. lending, it has also discouraged British and Italian banks from lending to the region. Implications concerning the stability and reliability of foreign bank credit in the face of increased geopolitical risks are identified and discussed.
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