Barriers to Internationalization: Firm-Level Evidence from Germany
Claudia M. Buch
IAW Discussion Paper No. 52,
2009
Abstract
Exporters and multinationals are larger and more productive than their domestic
counterparts. In addition to productivity, financial constraints and labor market
constraints might constitute barriers to entry into foreign markets. We present new
empirical evidence on the extensive and intensive margin of exports and FDI based on detailed micro-level data of German firms. Our paper has three main findings. First, in line with earlier literature, we find a positive impact of firm size and productivity on firms’ international activities. Second, small firms suffer more frequently from financial constraints than bigger firms, but financial conditions have no strong effect on internationalization. Third, labor market constraints constitute a more severe barrier to foreign activities than financial constraints. Being covered by collective bargaining particularly impedes international activities.
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Prediction Markets: Prognosemärkte in Praxis und Theorie - Ein Überblick
Marian Berneburg
Externe Publikationen,
2008
Abstract
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Entwicklung des Fachkräftebedarfs in Thüringen bis 2015
Herbert S. Buscher, Eva Dettmann, Christian Schmeißer, Dirk Trocka, Marco Sunder
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2009
Abstract
An der Schwelle zur Wissensgesellschaft werden die Leistungsfähigkeit und das Entwicklungspotenzial einer Region immer stärker durch die vorhandene Wissensbasis bestimmt, bzw. ganz konkret durch das Know-how der in der Region zur Verfügung stehenden Arbeitskräfte. Vor dem Hintergrund des rasanten demographischen Umbruchs ist immer häufiger zu fragen, ob ein Defizit an Fachkräften droht und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung vor allem in Ostdeutschland ausbremsen wird. Immerhin verlassen bald mehr Menschen altersbedingt die Arbeitswelt als junge nachrücken. Es verwundert somit nicht, dass in letzter Zeit der Begriff „Fachkräftemangel“ Einzug ins Zentrum der wirtschaftspolitischen Diskussion gehalten hat. Kann es wirklich einen Mangel geben? In Zentralverwaltungswirtschaften war der Mangel tatsächlich an der Tagesordnung, aber wo der Markt herrscht, sollte ein Ausgleich zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage über Preisanpassungen erfolgen. Unternehmen mit entsprechend hoher Zahlungsbereitschaft werden über höhere Löhne ihre Fachkräfte halten können bzw. neue hinzugewinnen. Manche Projekte werden dagegen möglicherweise nicht mehr durch- bzw. weitergeführt, wenn die veränderten Rahmenbedingungen zu stark auf die Rentabilität drücken. Offensichtlich muss der Begriff des Mangels differenziert betrachtet werden.
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The Identification of Technology Regimes in Banking: Implications for the Market Power-Fragility Nexus
Michael Koetter, Tigran Poghosyan
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 8,
2009
Abstract
Neglecting the existence of different technologies in banking can contaminate efficiency, market power, and other performance measures. By simultaneously estimating (i) technology regimes conditional on exogenous factors, (ii) efficiency conditional on risk management, and (iii) Lerner indices of German banks, we identify three distinct technology regimes: Public & Retail, Small & Specialized, and Universal & Relationship. System estimation at the regional level reveals that greater bank market power increases bank profitability but also fosters corporate defaults. Corporate defaults, in turn, lead to higher probabilities of bank distress, which supports the market power-fragility hypothesis.
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The Requirement of Qualified Workers in Thuringia until 2015: Forecast and Policy Recommendations
Herbert S. Buscher, Eva Dettmann, Christian Schmeißer, Marco Sunder, Dirk Trocka
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die in der Zukunft benötigte Anzahl an neuen qualifizierten Arbeitskräften (Fachkräfteneubedarf) für Thüringen ermittelt. Die Prognose wird für den Zeitraum 2009 bis 2015 für einzelne Berufsfelder erstellt. Zur Berechnung des Fachkräfteneubedarfs werden zwei Komponenten separat betrachtet: der altersbedingte Ersatzbedarf sowie der so genannte Expansionsbedarf, der auf die strukturelle Entwicklung der Wirtschaftssektoren zurückzuführen ist. Mit Daten zu den sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten werden beide Bedarfskomponenten bestimmt. In Thüringen zeigen sich, relativ zum bisherigen Beschäftigungsstand, unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte Neubedarfe in den einzelnen Berufsfeldern. Basierend auf den Prognoseergebnissen erfolgt ein Abgleich zwischen den Neubedarfen für Facharbeiter und den Ausbildungsleistungen in den Ausbildungsberufen. Dabei zeichnet sich ein nicht unbedeutendes Potenzial für mismatch zwischen angebotenen und nachgefragten Qualifikationen ab, sollte die bisherige Ausbildungsstruktur in den nächsten Jahren beibehalten werden. Im Anschluss daran wird auf wesentliche Handlungsfelder hingewiesen, die zur Sicherung des Fachkräftebedarfs der Unternehmen beitragen können.
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Will There Be a Shortage of Skilled Labor? An East German Perspective to 2015
Herbert S. Buscher, Eva Dettmann, Marco Sunder, Dirk Trocka
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 13,
2009
Abstract
We analyze the supply and demand of skilled labor in an East German federal state, Thuringia. This state has been facing high unemployment in the course of economic transformation and experiences population ageing and shrinking more rapidly than most West European regions. In a first step, we use extrapolation techniques to forecast labor supply and demand for the period 2009-2015, disaggregated by type of qualification. The analysis does not corroborate the notion of an imminent skilled-labor shortage but provides hints for a tightening labor market for skilled workers. In the second step, we ask firms about their appraisal of future recruitment conditions, and both current and planned strategies in the context of personnel management. The majority of firms plan to expand further education efforts and hire older workers. The study closes with policy recommendations to prevent occupational mismatch.
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Lending Technology, Bank Organization and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena, Günseli Tümer-Alkan
Journal of Financial Transformation,
2009
Abstract
This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical studies investigating how both bank technology and organization shape bank-borrower interactions. We refer to two related concepts for bank technology. First, the technologies banks employ in loan granting decisions and second, the advances in information technology linked to the bank's lending technology. We also summarize and interpret the theoretical and empirical work on bank organization and its influence on lending technologies. We show that the choice of lending technology and bank organization depend heavily on the availability of information, the technological progress in the collection of information, as well as the banking market structure and the legal environment. We draw important policy conclusions from the literature. Competition authorities and supervisors have to remain alert to the consequences of the introduction of any new technology because: (1) advances in technology do not necessarily lead to more intense banking competition, and (2) the impact of technological and financial innovation on financial efficiency and stability depends on the incentives of the entire „loan production chain.‟
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Keeping the Bubble Alive! The Effects of Urban Renewal and Demolition Subsidies in the East German Housing Market
Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2009
Abstract
German urban renewal programs are favoring the cities in the Eastern part since the re-unification in 1990. This was accompanied additionally by attractive tax incentives, designed as an accelerated declining balance method of depreciation for housing investments during the late 1990s. The accumulated needs for comfortable housing after 40 years of a disastrous housing policy of the GDR era were generally accepted as justification for the subvention policy. But various subsidies and tax incentives caused a construction boom, false allocations, and a price bubble in Eastern Germany. After recognizing that the expansion of housing supply was not in line with the demographic development and that high vacancy rates were jeopardizing housing companies and their financial backers, policy changed in 2001. Up to now, the government provides demolition grants to reduce the vast oversupply. By means of a real option approach, it is ex-plained how different available forms of subsidies and economic incentives for landlords lift real estate values. The option value representing growth expectations and opportunities is calculated as an observable market value less an estimated fundamental value. Empirical results disclose higher option premiums for cities in Eastern Germany and a strong correlation of the option premium with urban renewal spending.
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Low Skill but High Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2665,
2009
Abstract
Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.
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Securitization and the Declining Impact of Bank Finance on Loan Supply: Evidence from Mortgage Originations
Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan
Journal of Finance,
No. 2,
2009
Abstract
Low‐cost deposits and increased balance sheet liquidity raise banks' supply of illiquid loans more than loans easily sold or securitized. We exploit the inability of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to purchase jumbo mortgages to identify an exogenous change in liquidity. The volume of jumbo mortgage originations relative to nonjumbo originations increases with bank holdings of liquid assets and decreases with bank deposit costs. This result suggests that the increasing depth of the mortgage secondary market fostered by securitization has reduced the effect of lender's financial condition on credit supply.
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