Progressivity and flexibility in developing an effective competition regime: using experiences of Poland, Ukraine and South Africa for developing countries. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
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Database on competition law enactment in developing countries, the budget and staff of the relevant competition agency, and other structural (economic and otherwise) characteristics. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Johannes Stephan, Franz Kronthaler
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
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Vertical Intra-industry Trade between EU and Accession Countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 12,
2006
Abstract
The paper analyses vertical intra-industry trade between EU and Accession countries, and concentrates on two country-specific determinants: Differences in personal income distribution and in technology. Both determinants have a strong link to national policies and to cross-border investment flows. In contrast to most other studies, income distribution is not seen as time-invariant variable, but as changing over time. What is new is also that differences in technology are tested in comparison with cost advantages from capital/labour ratios. The study applies panel estimation techniques with GLS. Results show country-pair fixed effects to be of high relevance for explaining vertical intraindustry trade. In addition, bilateral differences in personal income distribution and their changes are positive related to vertical intra-industry trade in this special regional integration framework; hence, distributional effects of policies matter. Also, technology differences turn out to be positively correlated with vertical intra-industry trade. However, the cost variable (here: relative GDP per capita) shows no clear picture, particularly not in combination with the technology variable.
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Enhanced Cooperation in an Enlarged EU, CeGE-Discussion Paper No. 53
J. Ahrens, Renate Ohr, Götz Zeddies
,
2006
Abstract
The paper adresses the need for more flexibility in the integration process of the European Union after its recent eastward enlargement. Due to the increasing number of decision-makers and the increasing heterogeneity of economic structures, financial constraints, societal preferences, and political interests, European integration based on the uniformity principle is hardly feasible. In order to avoid a rank growth of integration and yet to strengthen the momentum of flexibility, so-called enhanced cooperation appears to be an appropriate instrument to be applied to the overall integration process. In this context the paper analyzes different possible developments of selected common policies in the EU if enhanced cooperation is practised by a sub-group of EU-members. Based on cluster analysis similarities and distinctions among the EU members with respect to some specific policy realms are elaborated to identify clusters, or clubs, of countries which may apply the instrument of enhanced cooperation in the specific policy fields.
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Progressivity and Flexibility in Developing an Effective Competition Regime: Using Experiences of Poland, Ukraine, and South Africa for developing countries
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
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Correlation between growth and employment in the new EU member countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Willem Wolters
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
Die Arbeitslosenquote blieb in den neuen EU-Ländern trotz starken Wirtschaftswachstums bis zuletzt hoch, mit allerdings starken Unterschieden zwischen den Ländern (von 6,5% bis 20%). Offensichtlich besaß das Wirtschaftswachstum in den meisten Ländern bisher nur eine schwache Beschäftigungswirkung. Ein Überblick über die möglichen Gründe zeigt, dass neben der Arbeitsproduktivität und dem sektoralen Wandel institutionelle Faktoren eine bestimmende Rolle spielten, darunter die weit verbreitete Existenz einer Schattenwirtschaft, Emigration und Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen. In einem makroökonomischen Modell, das auf das Okuns Gesetz zurückgeht, wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Wirtschaftswachstum und Beschäftigung/Arbeitslosigkeit empirisch getestet, wobei die Koeffizienten Aufschluss über die mögliche Rolle der verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren geben. Generell zeigt sich eine rückläufige Trendrate der Produktivität. Dem steht allerdings eine Verschlechterung der Fähigkeit der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen der Wirtschaft gegenüber, Wachstum in Beschäftigung zu transformieren. Sonderfaktoren spielen insbesondere in Polen eine Rolle. Für die meisten Länder zeichnet sich ab, dass bereits bei BIP-Wachstumsraten von 3% bis 5% die Arbeitslosigkeit sinkt, aber nicht unbedingt auch Beschäftigung aufgebaut wird. Dies könnte damit zusammenhängen, dass die Schattenwirtschaft eine große Anziehungskraft für Unternehmen und Beschäftigte ausübt. Einem stärkeren Rückgang von Beschäftigungsschwellen stehen seit Mai 2004 EU-Programme zur Förderung der Frühverrentung im Agrarsektor gegenüber. Damit ist das Beschäftigungsziel der EU bis 2010 (70% Beschäftigungsquote durchschnittlich) nicht mehr zu erreichen.
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Cross-border Banking and Transmission Mechanisms in Europe: Evidence from German Data
Claudia M. Buch
Applied Financial Economics,
No. 16,
2004
Abstract
International activities of commercial banks play a potential role for the transmission of shocks across countries. This paper presents stylized facts of the integration of European banking markets and analyses the potential of banks to transmit shocks across countries. Although the openness of banking systems has increased, bilateral financial linkages among EU countries are relatively small. The exceptions are claims of German banks on a number of smaller countries. These data are used for an analysis of the determinants of cross-border lending patterns.
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Liberalization of Electricity Markets in Selected European Countries
Albrecht Kauffmann, M. Keim, P. J. J. Welfens
Diskussionsbeiträge des Europäischen Instituts für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Nr. 124,
No. 124,
2004
Abstract
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Fragen der Liberalisierung der Elektrizitätsmärkte in der EU. Man kann feststellen, dass die Gemeinschaftsdirektive 96/92/EC die Wechselbeziehungen der Elektrizitätsmärkte nicht ausreichend behandelt. Außerdem wird vor allem in Deutschland der Zugang für Dritte nicht effektiv gefördert, wobei der Zusammenschluss eines großen Elektrizitätsunternehmens und einem dominanten Gasunternehmen neue spezielle Fragen aufgeworfen hat. Hingegen verläuft der Liberalisierungsprozess in Skandinavien konsequenter. Osteuropäische EU-Beitrittsländer sind langfristig potenzielle Elektrizitätsexporteure sobald Modernisierungen zu niedrigeren Energie- und Elektrizitätsverbrauch führen. Russland sollte rasch WTO-Mitglied werden, um Zugang zu den westeuropäischen Elektrizitätsmärkten zu bekommen, wobei Russland in den gesamten Liberalisierungsdiskussionen noch keine Rolle gespielt hat. Mittelfristig können Überschusskapazitäten in einer EU-27 erwartet werden. Zweifelhaft jedoch ist, ob Politiker, die ansonsten so ehrgeizige Ambitionen in der Umweltpolitik zeigen, einer gesamteuropäischen Liberalisierung der Elektrizitätsmärkte zustimmen werden. Außerdem werden regulierungspolitische Aspekte behandelt.
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Competition Policy in Central Eastern Europe in the Light of EU Accession
Jens Hölscher
Journal of Common Market Studies,
No. 2,
2004
Abstract
This study reviews the progress made in EU accession candidates on competition policy. The analysis shows that institution-building and legislation are well under way and that anti-trust practice is not too lax. Due to the diversity among the accession countries under review, the study finds that the strictly rule-based frame work of the EU might not be the most favourable solution for some candidates: firstly, the small and open economies of most candidates make it particularly difficult to define the ‘relevant market’ in competition cases. Secondly, the traditionally intense vertical integration of production in accession states calls for a reassessment of ‘vertical restraints’. The policy implications of this study suggest that the EU competition task force should take a proactive, case-by-case approach vis-à-vis its new members.
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Current Trends: number of registered unemployed persons in Germany from EU acceding countries and candidates very low
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2004
Abstract
Die Zahl der sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigten Ausländer in Deutschland aus den Beitrittsländern und Beitrittskandidaten ist sehr gering: Nur etwa 102 000 SV-pflichtig Beschäftigte in Westdeutschland und knapp 6 000 in Ostdeutschland kamen Mitte des Jahres 2003 aus den Beitrittsländern. Dies entsprach lediglich 0,5% der Arbeitnehmer in Westdeutschland und 0,1% in Ostdeutschland. In Westdeutschland stammten mehr als 90% dieser Beschäftigten aus Polen, Tschechien, Ungarn und der Slowakei, in Ostdeutschland waren es 95%. Aus Bulgarien und Rumänien kamen knapp 29 000 SV-pflichtig Beschäftigte in Westdeutschland und 1 100 in Ostdeutschland. Damit hatten in Westdeutschland 0,1% und in Ostdeutschland 0,03% der Beschäftigten die Staatsangehörigkeit der Beitrittskandidaten.
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