State Aid and Guarantees in Europe
Reint E. Gropp, Lena Tonzer
T. Beck, B. Casu (eds): The Palgrave Handbook of European Banking, London,
2016
Abstract
During the recent financial crisis, governments massively intervened in the banking sector by providing liquidity assistance and capital support to banks in distress. This helped stabilize the financial system in the short run. However, public bailouts also bear the risk of longer-term distortions, for example, by affecting bailout expectations of banks. In this chapter, the authors first provide an overview of state aid interventions during the recent crisis episode. The third section then analyzes the effects of state aid on financial stability from a theoretical view. This is followed by the description of results obtained from empirical studies. The link between the provision of state aid and politics is discussed in the section “Institutional Design and Policy Implications”. Finally, in the section “The European Banking Union” the authors describe the elements of the European Banking Union meant to resolve and restructure banks in distress and to lower the need for public intervention. Based on the preceding analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding the new design.
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European Bank Efficiency and Performance: The Effects of Supranational Versus National Bank Supervision
Rients Galema, Michael Koetter
T. Beck, B. Casu (eds): The Palgrave Handbook of European Banking, London,
2016
Abstract
This chapter explores European bank efficiency and performance. First, the authors provide an overview of the key estimation methods for efficiency and discuss selected applications to the European banking sector. Second, they apply stochastic frontier analysis to investigate the extent to which the reallocation of supervisory powers is associated with efficiency differences between European banks. In doing so, the discussion focuses particularly on whether direct supervision by the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) as opposed to national competent authority (NCA) is related to cost and profit efficiency.
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Kommentar: Wen die Götter bestrafen wollen, dessen Gebete erhören sie
Reint E. Gropp
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2016
Abstract
Die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) hat in ihrer Ratssitzung am 8. September dieses Jahres entschieden, die Zinsen auf absehbare Zeit auf dem gegenwärtigen niedrigen Niveau zu halten, und hält sich offen, das Anleihekaufprogramm über den März 2017 hinaus zu verlängern. Sie kauft weiterhin monatlich Staatsanleihen und andere Wertpapiere im Wert von 80 Milliarden Euro, ist aber auch noch zu weiterem Handeln bereit – alles andere wäre auch ein falsches Signal gewesen. Eine Verlängerung des Ankaufprogramms nicht in Aussicht zu stellen – und damit implizit auch ein Ende der Niedrigzinsphase in Betracht zu ziehen –, dies hätten die Märkte als Signal zum Ausstieg aus der aktuellen Geldpolitik gedeutet. Das wiederum hätte sich umgehend auf Zinsen und Vermögenswerte ausgewirkt und wäre zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt hochproblematisch. Denn noch immer liegt die Inflationsrate deutlich unter dem Zielwert der EZB von 2%.
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09.09.2016 • 37/2016
Comment: IWH President Reint E. Gropp: ECB resists its critics and maintains its asset purchase programme. Leaving the option for a further extension is completely reasonable.
Some observers, including recently a number of major banks, are criticising the European Central Bank (ECB) for maintaining its asset purchase program, currently scheduled to run until March of 2017 and leaving the option open to extend it further.
Reint E. Gropp
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11.08.2016 • 34/2016
2016 stress tests: Italian banks don’t look worse than German large commercial banks
The European Banking Authority today presented the results of the 2016 stress tests. They show that most European banks appear more or less stable. “What worries me is, however, that the Italian banks do not look worse than the large German commercial banks,” says Reint E. Gropp, president of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). “It appears that both Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank would benefit significantly from an increase in equity. The stress test was also missing two crucial points: One, the effect of a long lasting low interest rate environment on banks was not simulated. And second, the test did not take into consideration that many small institutions could fail at the same time. This is not an unlikely scenario, given how small banks in particular struggle with shrinking interest margins,“ says Gropp. Finally, the stress test should not distract from the urgency to solve the problems in the Italian banking system.
Reint E. Gropp
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21.06.2016 • 25/2016
German Federal Constitutional Court makes right decision on Draghis OMT programme
I welcome the decision by the German Federal Constitutional Court. The court approved OMT (outright monetary transactions), which enables the European Central Bank (ECB) to purchase short-term government bonds in secondary markets in order to stabilize euro member countries in a crisis.
Reint E. Gropp
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20.06.2016 • 24/2016
Financial market reaction to poll data suggests strong effects of a Brexit on exchange rates and the banking system both in the UK and in the EU
On 23 June 2016, there will be a referendum in the United Kingdom (UK) on the question of whether or not the country should remain in the European Union (EU). We use the polls as a measure of the likelihood of an exit to examine the likely effect of a Brexit on financial markets. “Whenever the probability in the polls of a Brexit moves above 50%, we observe a substantial depreciation of the UK pound with respect to most major currencies (including the euro), and strong decline in bank stock prices, suggesting that markets feel the financial sector (both in the UK and the EU) will be most severely affected by a Brexit”, IWH President Reint E. Gropp says. There is little effect on the euro/US Dollar exchange rate. “A huge concern is that overall market volatility both in the UK and the EU are on record highs since last Thursday, reflecting the higher uncertainty associated with Brexit and how exactly, if it happened, it would come about.” Within the UK, we see some evidence for a flight to safety into UK government bonds, but no effects for German bonds.
Reint E. Gropp
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03.05.2016 • 20/2016
Are Lacking Structural Reforms in the Financial Sector the Underlying Reason for the German Criticism of the ECB?
The major reason for the intense criticism of the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) low-interest-rate policy may be the lack of structural reforms in the German banking system. The resulting persistent fragmentation increases the banking sector’s vulnerability to the low-interest-rate environment. Hence, parts of the banking sector, due to their strong ties to politicians, appear to have successfully influenced public opinion against the ECB.
Reint E. Gropp
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Mere Criticism of the ECB is no Solution
M. Fratzscher, Reint E. Gropp, Jan Pieter Krahnen, Hans-Helmut Kotz, Christian Odendahl, Beatrice Weder di Mauro, Guntram Wolff
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
2016
Abstract
Die Kritik an der EZB in Deutschland ist kontraproduktiv. Die Geldpolitik muss expansiv bleiben, damit die EZB ihrem Mandat zumindest ansatzweise gerecht wird. Das gebietet auch der Erhalt ihrer Glaubwürdigkeit. Die EZB muss nicht weniger, sondern Europas Politik muss mehr tun. Sie muss entschiedener handeln, um Europa wieder auf einen Wachstumspfad zu bringen.
[Eine kürzere Version des Beitrags ist unter dem Titel “Kritik an Draghi ist noch keine Lösung“ erschienen in der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Sonntagszeitung vom 10 April 2016].
Die Politik, auch die deutsche, darf sich nicht länger ihrer Mitverantwortung für die gegenwärtige wirtschaftliche Lage in weiten Teilen Europas entziehen. Benötigt werden eine wachstumsfreundliche Fiskalpolitik, Strukturreformen zur Öffnung neuer Märkte und eine Konsolidierung und Restrukturierung des Finanzsektors. Dabei müssen vor allem wir in Deutschland uns den Spiegel vorhalten – denn die meisten dieser Reformen benötigen wir genauso dringend wie unsere europäischen Nachbarn.
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“The German Saver” and the Low Policy Rate Environment
Reint E. Gropp, Vahid Saadi
IWH Online,
No. 9,
2015
Abstract
It is widely claimed that “the German saver” suffers (i.e. generates significantly lower returns on her savings) in the low interest environment that Germany currently experiences relative to a high interest rate environment. With “low interest rate environment”, the observers tend to mean “low policy rates”, i.e. the European Central Bank’s (ECB) main refinancing rate.
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