Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
No. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
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The influence of Vertical Integration and Property Rights on Network Access Charges in the German Electricity Markets
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
Externe Publikationen,
No. 6,
2004
Abstract
German Electricity markets were deregulated in the late nineties of the last century. In contrast to other European countries, the German government enacted negotiated third party access instead of installing a regulation authority. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers, which specify the calculation schemes for access charges. Local and regional suppliers are nevertheless able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, restricted only by the possibility of interference competition authorities. While some of those suppliers have been acquired by one of the four Transmission System Operators and become vertically integrated, the majority is still independent public utility companies. In this paper we analyse if there is evidence for different charging behaviour depending on the supplier’s economic independence or its level of vertical integration. Controlling for other coefficients as the so called structural features and related cost differences as well as the influence of competition law suits, multivariate estimations show significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers for at least one typical case.
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Investment, Financial Markets, New Economy Dynamics and Growth in Transition Countries
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens
Economic Opening Up and Growth in Russia: Finance, Trade, Market Institutions, and Energy,
2004
Abstract
The transition to a market economy in the former CMEA area is more than a decade old and one can clearly distinguish a group of relatively fast growing countries — including Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia — and a majority of slowly growing economies, including Russia and the Ukraine. Initial problems of transition were natural in the sense that systemic transition to a market economy has effectively destroyed part of the existing capital stock that was no longer profitable under the new relative prices imported from world markets; and there was a transitory inflationary push as low state-administered prices were replaced by higher market equilibrium prices. Indeed, systemic transformation in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have brought serious transitory inflation problems and a massive transition recession; negative growth rates have continued over many years in some countries, including Russia and the Ukraine, where output growth was negative throughout the 1990s (except for Russia, which recorded slight growth in 1997). For political and economic reasons the economic performance of Russia is of particular relevance for the success of the overall transition process. If Russia would face stagnation and instability, this would undermine political and economic stability in the whole of Europe and prospects for integrating Russia into the world economy.
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FDI Subsidiaries and Industrial Integration of Central Europe: Conceptual and Empirical Results
Boris Majcen, Slavo Radosevic, Matija Rojec
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 177,
2003
Abstract
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Macroeconomic Modelling of the German Economy in the Framework of Euroland
Rüdiger Pohl, Heinz P. Galler
Schriften des IWH,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
An attempt to develop a new macroeconometric model for Germany is confronted with several questions that range from the general rationality of such an approach to specific problems of an appropriate model structure. One important aspect of this discussion is the introduction of the Euro as a common currency of the European monetary union. This institutional change may result in structural breaks due to changing behavior of economic agents. In addition, the definition of the spatial unit that is appropriate for modelling becomes a problem. Additional problems come from the introduction of the European Single Market and the increasing international economic integration not only within the European union but also beyond its borders. And in the case of Germany, the unification of the West and the East demand special attention. Last but not least, the harmonization of national accounting for the member states of the European Union has to be dealt with. Thus, the introduction of the Euro as a common currency is just one problem besides others that must be addressed.
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Border regions in the European integration process – Results of an IWH conference -
Franz Barjak, Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2000
Abstract
Den Folgen der Integration für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Grenzregionen widmete sich eine Tagung des IWH am Beispiel der deutsch-polnischen Grenzregion, in der sich derzeit die Wirkungen der schrittweisen Grenzöffnung mit strukturellen Anpassungsproblemen im Zuge der Transformation überlagern. In der Regionalpolitik erweisen sich vor allem Maßnahmen als integrationsfördernd, die die Barrierewirkungen der Grenzlage beseitigen. Politikmaßnahmen, die dagegen auf Faktorpreisunterschieden und eingeschränkter Faktormobilität aufbauen, z.B. grenznahe oder grenzüberschreitende Gewerbeparks oder Sonderwirtschaftszonen, stehen eigentlich längerfristig dem Integrationsgedanken entgegen.
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Industry subsidies in EU: Dangers for realistic economic integration
Vera Dietrich
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
1998
Abstract
Die Subventionierung der nationalen Industrien durch die EU-Mitgliedstaaten stellt ein Hindernis für die wirtschaftliche Integration in der Europäischen Union dar. Sowohl unter Wettbewerbsgesichtspunkten als auch im Hinblick auf einen Abbau der Einkommensdisparitäten zwischen den Mitgliedsländern ist dabei kritisch zu bewerten, daß die Subventionsintensität offensichtlich von der Finanzkraft der jeweiligen Mitgliedstaaten beeinflusst wird. Gleichzeitig steigt die Neigung zur Gewährung von kurzfristigen Ad-hoc-Beihilfen, deren Genehmigung zum Teil unter Ausübung politischen Drucks erwirkt wird. Vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Beschäftigungsprobleme und einer Erhöhung der Wettbewerbsintensität in der Industrie durch eine Ost-Erweiterung der EU ist damit zu rechnen, daß beide Tendenzen sich verstärken werden. Verlierer einer solchen Entwicklung wären die wirtschaftlich schwächeren Mitglieder, mit der Folge sich verstärkender regionaler Disparitäten im europäischen Wirtschaftsraum. Die politische Unabhängigkeit der Beihilfenkontrolle nach dem Vorbild der künftigen Europäischen
Zentralbank stellt daher eine wichtige Voraussetzung zur Realisierung der Integrationsgewinne
dar.
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The role of real exchange rates in the Central European transformation
Lucjan T. Orlowski
Forschungsreihe,
No. 1,
1998
Abstract
The study eamines the interactions between real exchange rates, current accounts and capital account balances in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The empirical investigation leads to a strong endorsement of more flexible exchange rates in the present stage of the economic transformation process of the former socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Exchange rate flexibility allows more independent monetary policies that focus on financing structural adjustments and institutional changes in transition economies. However, the integration process with the European Union and more remote considerations of possible accession to the European Monetary Union will require a gradual move to fixed exchange rates and to an exchangerate-based monetary policy.
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Change or perish – Challenges of economic integration for Germany
Rüdiger Pohl, Hilmar Schneider
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
1997
Abstract
Anfang Dezember 1996 hat das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle eine Konferenz mit dem Thema „Äußere und innere Integration der deutschen Wirtschaft“ veranstaltet, deren überarbeitete Beiträge in dem vorliegenden Band veröffentlicht werden. Das Ziel der Tagung bestand darin, den aktuellen Diskussionsstand um die Rolle der Globalisierung für den Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland zu reflektieren. Deutschland ist in diesem Zusammenhang einer doppelten Herausforderung ausgesetzt. Zum einen ist die äußere Integration zu meistern, die sich auf den Prozeß der Standortentwicklung im Zuge einer fortschreitenden weltwirtschaftlichen Verflechtung bezieht. Nicht minder schwer wiegt zum anderen die durch die Wiedervereinigung hervorgerufene Aufgabe der inneren Integration. Beide Komplexe sind nicht isoliert voneinander zu betrachten, sondern stehen in einem wechselseitigen Abhängigkeitsverhältnis. Problematisch ist einerseits vor allem, daß die Transformationskosten zu einer zusätzlichen Belastung der allgemeinen Arbeitskosten geführt haben, was zweifellos eine Beeinträchtigung der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit nach sich zieht. Andererseits leistet die innere Integration durch den forcierten Aufbau eines hochmodernen Kapitalstocks in Ostdeutschland einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Beschleunigung der äußeren Integration.
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