Financial constraints and the margins of FDI
Claudia M. Buch
Bundesbank Discussion Paper 29/2009,
2009
Abstract
Recent literature on multinational firms has stressed the importance of low productivity as a barrier to the cross-border expansion of firms. But firms may also need external finance to shoulder the costs of entering foreign markets. We develop a model of multinational firms facing real and financial barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI), and we analyze their impact on the FDI decision (the extensive margin) and foreign affiliate sales (the intensive margin). We provide empirical evidence based on a detailed dataset of German multinationals which contains information on parent-level and affiliate-level financial constraints as well as about the location the foreign affiliates. We find that financial factors constrain firms’ foreign investment decisions, an effect felt in particular by large firms. Financial constraints at the parent level matter for the extensive, but less
so for the intensive margin. For the intensive margin, financial constraints at the affiliate level are relatively more important.
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Barriers to Internationalization: Firm-Level Evidence from Germany
Claudia M. Buch
IAW Discussion Paper No. 52,
2009
Abstract
Exporters and multinationals are larger and more productive than their domestic
counterparts. In addition to productivity, financial constraints and labor market
constraints might constitute barriers to entry into foreign markets. We present new
empirical evidence on the extensive and intensive margin of exports and FDI based on detailed micro-level data of German firms. Our paper has three main findings. First, in line with earlier literature, we find a positive impact of firm size and productivity on firms’ international activities. Second, small firms suffer more frequently from financial constraints than bigger firms, but financial conditions have no strong effect on internationalization. Third, labor market constraints constitute a more severe barrier to foreign activities than financial constraints. Being covered by collective bargaining particularly impedes international activities.
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Investment (FDI) Policy for Azerbaijan, Final report
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
The report has been prepared on behalf of the Association for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) as integral part of the “Private Sector Development Program” run by the GTZ in Azerbaijan. A comprehensive investment policy is outlined with particular focus on the possibilities to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in Azerbaijan’s manufacturing industry (non-oil sector). The report makes particular reference to the experiences with investment policy development in Central and East European transition economies. It touches legal and institutional framework conditions in Azerbaijan as well as possible investment incentives schemes including investment promotion. Major recommendations refer to trade integration within the region, introduction of tax incentives as well as further improvements in business climate. Furthermore, the importance of complementary policies, such as competition and education policy, is stressed.
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Aktuelle Trends: Überraschend stabile Geschäftsaussichten auswärtiger Investoren in Ostdeutschland für das Jahr 2009
Björn Jindra, Jutta Günther, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2009
Abstract
Zwischen dem 16. Oktober und 10. Dezember 2008 hat das IWH 657 Tochtergesellschaften ausländischer und westdeutscher multinationaler Investoren mit Sitz in den Neuen Bundesländern zu den Erwartungen für das Geschäftsjahr 2009 befragt. Diese Unternehmen haben in der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft ein erhebliches Gewicht, so arbeitet z. B. jeder vierte Arbeitnehmer im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe für ein Unternehmen mit auswärtigen Investoren.
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The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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Ownership Structure, Strategic Controls and Export Intensity of Foreign-invested Firms in Transition Economies
I. Filatotchev, Johannes Stephan, Björn Jindra
Journal of International Business Studies,
No. 7,
2008
Abstract
This paper examines the relationships between foreign ownership, managers’ independence in decision-making and exporting of foreign-invested firms in five European Union accession countries. Using a unique, hand-collected data set of 434 foreign-invested firms in Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia and Estonia, we show that foreign investors’ ownership and control over strategic decisions are positively associated with export intensity, measured as the proportion of exports to total sales. The study also analyzes specific governance and control configurations in foreign-invested firms, showing that foreign equity and foreign control over business functions are complementary in terms of their effects on export intensity.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from manufacturing industries
Jutta Günther, Johannes Stephan, Björn Jindra
Applied Economics Quarterly Supplement,
No. 59,
2008
Abstract
Die Veröffentlichung analysiert das Ausmaß technologischer Leistungsfähigkeit auf ausländische Tochtergesellschaften, welche in Ostdeutschland angesiedelt sind. Darüber hinaus betrachtet es Determinanten des technologischen Beschaffungsverhaltens ausländischer Tochtergesellschaften. Die Theorie der internationalen Produktion unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit von Variablen auf der strategischen und regionalen Ebene. Dennoch lassen existierende empirische Studien im Großen und Ganzen Faktoren auf regionaler Ebene aus. Wir entnehmen die Studienergebnisse aus der „ADI Mikrodatenbank“ des IWH, welche erst seit kurzem zur Verfügung steht, um die Analyse durchzuführen. Wir fanden heraus, dass ausländische Tochtergesellschaften im Vergleich zum gesamten verarbeitenden Gewerbe in Ostdeutschland überdurchschnittlich technologisch aktiv sind. Dies kann teilweise durch die industrielle Struktur der ausländischen Direktinvestitionen erklärt werden. Dennoch bezieht nur ein begrenzter Teil ausländischer Tochtergesellschaften mit F&E und/oder Innovationsaktivitäten technologisches Wissen aus dem ostdeutschen Innovationssystem. Wenn eine Tochtergesellschaft die Strategie der Kompetenzvermehrung verfolgt oder lokalen Handel betreibt, dann bezieht sie eher technologisches Wissen lokal. Die Ausstattung einer Region mit Humankapital und wissenschaftlicher Infrastruktur hat ebenfalls einen positiven Effekt. Diese Ergebnisse lassen schlussfolgern, dass ausländische Tochtergesellschaften in Ostdeutschland nur teilweise mit dem regionalen Innovationssystem verbunden sind. Strategien werden diskutiert.
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Exchange Rates and FDI: Goods versus Capital Market Frictions
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert
World Economy,
forthcoming
Abstract
Changes in exchange rates affect countries through their impact on cross-border activities such as trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). With increasing activities of multinational firms, the FDI channel is likely to gain in importance. Economic theory provides two main explanations why changes in exchange rates can affect FDI. According to the first explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if there are information frictions on capital markets and if investment depends on firms’ net worth (capital market friction hypothesis). According to the second explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if output and factor markets are segmented, and if firm-specific assets are important (goods market friction hypothesis). We provide a unified theoretical framework of these two explanations. We analyse the implications of the model empirically using a dataset based on detailed German firm-level data. We find greater support for the goods market than for the capital market friction hypothesis.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from Manufacturing Industries
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
This paper analyses the extent of technological capability of foreign subsidiaries located in East Germany, and looks at the determinants of foreign subsidiaries’ technological sourcing behaviour. The theory of international production underlines the importance of strategic and regional level variables. However, existing empirical approaches omit by and large regional level factors. We employ survey evidence from the “FDI micro data- base” of the IWH, that was only recently made available, to conduct our analyses. We find that foreign subsidiaries are above average technologically active in comparison to the whole East German manufacturing. This can be partially explained by the industrial structure of foreign direct investment. However, only a limited share of foreign subsidiaries with R&D and/or innovation activity source technological knowledge from the East German innovation system. If a subsidiary follows a competence augmenting strategy or does local trade, it is more likely to source technological knowledge locally. The endowment of a region with human capital and a scientific infrastructure has a positive effect too. The findings suggest that foreign subsidiaries in East Germany are only partially linked with the regional innovation system. Policy implications are discussed.
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Aktuelle Trends: Gute Gründe für ausländische Direktinvestitionen in Ostdeutschland
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Das IWH hat eine aktuelle Befragung ausländischer Investoren im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe in den Neuen Bundesländern (einschließlich Berlin) durchgeführt. Die antwortenden Unternehmen gaben dabei auch die relative Bedeutung verschiedener Investitionsmotive der jeweiligen ausländischen Eigentümer zum Zeitpunkt der Neugründung eines Tochterunternehmens bzw. der Beteiligung an einem bereits existierenden Unternehmen an.
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