Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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The Potentials for Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investement in Central and East Europe - Results of a Field Study
Judit Hamar, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment plays a particularly crucial role for the processes of technological catch-up in Central East Europe. Whilst most countries of this region have received considerable direct investments, the composition of kinds of subsidiaries is different between countries and hence will the prospects for intense technology transfer also differ between countries. This contribution aims to compare the potentials for internal and external technology transfer across countries of Central East Europe by analysing the management-relationship between subsidiaries and their parents and the market-relationships between subsidiaries and their host economy. For this, a firm-level database of some 458 subsidiaries in Estonia, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia is analysed empirically.
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What if Financial Markets were inefficient?
Marian Berneburg
Globale Wirtschaft - nationale Verantwortung: Wege aus dem Druckkessel,
2005
Abstract
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Labor market balance in East Germany: Employment gap hardly diminished
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
Im Jahr 2005 hat sich wegen der schwachen Produktionszunahme und trotz des nach wie vor verhaltenen Anstiegs der Lohnkostenbelastung der Produktion die Lage auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt weiter verschlechtert. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen nahm durch die Ausdehnung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen gegenüber dem Vorjahr mit 0,1% zwar nur leicht ab. Besonders stark war jedoch der Rückgang der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Die registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit stieg zu Beginn des Jahres insbesondere als Folge des Inkrafttretens von Hartz IV kräftig an, bildete sich allerdings im Verlauf des Jahres zurück. Die Diskrepanz zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage nach Arbeitsplätzen ist nach wie vor groß. Insgesamt fehlen ca. 1,9 Mio. Arbeitsplätze. Damit beträgt die Unterbeschäftigungsquote ca. 24%. Auch im kommenden Jahr ist keine Besserung auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt zu erwarten.
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The liberalization of the German electricity market - a sucessful model?
Christian Growitsch, Felix Müsgens
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
Die öffentliche Debatte über die Entwicklung der deutschen Strompreise im Anschluß an die Liberalisierung der Energiemärkte 1998 wirft die Frage nach einem Scheitern der Umstrukturierung dieser Märkte auf. Die Analyse der Entwicklung der Strompreise für Haushaltskunden von 1998 bis 2005 zeigt, daß sich die aggregierten Preise heute auf etwa dem selben Niveau wie unmittelbar nach der Liberalisierung der deutschen Energiemärkte (-0,5%) bewegen. Eine solch generelle Betrachtung könnte jedoch aus zwei Gründen in die Irre führen. Einerseits gibt es erhebliche Unterschiede in der Preisentwicklung auf den einzelnen Wertschöpfungsstufen des Stromsektors. Die Erzeugungspreise haben im Zeitablauf beispielsweise eine deutliche Reduktion von ca. 25% erlebt, sind jedoch nach 2001 über ein wettbewerbliches Preisniveau gestiegen. Dem Vorwurf der industriellen Kraftwirtschaft, daß die Großhandelspreise für Strom überhöht seien, kann somit zwar nicht widersprochen werden; für ein grundsätzliches Scheitern der Energiemarktreformen spricht die beobachtbare Entwicklung allerdings auch nicht...
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The unemployment-growth relationship in transition countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Does the disappointingly high unemployment in Central and East European countries reflect non-completed adjustment to institutional shocks from transition to a market economy, or is it the result of high labour market rigidities, or rather a syndrome of too weak aggregate demand and output? In the case of transitional causes, unemployment is expected to decline over time. Otherwise, it would pose a challenge to the European Union, particular in case of accession countries, for it jeopardizes the ambitious integration plans of, and may trigger excessive migration to the Union. In order to find out which hypothesis holds 15 years after transition has started, we analyze the unemploymentgrowth dynamics in the eight new member countries from Central-Eastern Europe. The study is based on country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS). The results suggest to declare the transition of labour markets as completed; unemployment responds to output and not to a changing institutional environment for job creation. The regression coefficients report a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth since 1998. The conclusion is that labour market rigidities do not to play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. Rather, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress, while the employment relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce substantially the high level of unemployment.
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How do multinationals meet investment decisions: The case study of General Motors
Diemo Dietrich, Daniel Höwer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2005
Abstract
In der öffentlichen Diskussion um die Bedeutung multinationaler Konzerne für die deutsche Wirtschaft hatten und haben die Ereignisse im Zusammenhang mit Opel, der deutschen Tochter von General Motors, ein besonderes Maß an Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Als mit der Änderung der Konzernstruktur im Juni 2004 der unternehmensinterne Wettbewerb um die Produktionskapazitäten institutionalisiert wurde, war dies von vielen Beobachtern als Schritt hin zu mehr Effizienz und höherer Profitabilität gewertet worden. Doch ein solcher interner Wettbewerb um die Ressourcen eines Unternehmens kann behindert sein und zu ineffizienter Mittelverwendung führen: Informationsund Durchsetzungsprobleme sowie Machtkämpfe innerhalb eines Konzerns schränken nämlich die Fähigkeit und Bereitschaft der Konzernleitung ein, vorhandene Ressourcen in ihre produktivsten Unternehmensteile zu lenken. Unter Rückgriff auf die institutionenökonomische Organisationslehre werden mögliche Effizienzprobleme der unternehmensinternen Allokation von Kapital aufgezeigt und deren Relevanz im Rahmen einer Fallstudie zu General Motors/Opel diskutiert.
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The integration of imperfect financial markets: Implications for business cycle volatility
Claudia M. Buch, C. Pierdzioch
Journal of Policy Modeling,
No. 7,
2005
Abstract
During the last two decades, the degree of openness of national financial systems has increased substantially. At the same time, asymmetries in information and other financial market frictions have remained prevalent. We study the implications of the opening up of national financial systems in the presence of financial market frictions for business cycle volatility. In our empirical analysis, we show that countries with more developed financial systems have lower business cycle volatility. Financial openness has no strong impact on business cycle volatility, in contrast. In our theoretical analysis, we study the implications of the opening up of national financial markets and of financial market frictions for business cycle volatility using a dynamic macroeconomic model of an open economy. We find that the implications of opening up national financial markets for business cycle volatility are largely unaffected by the presence of financial market frictions.
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The Economics of Restructuring the German Electricity Sector
Christian Growitsch, Felix Müsgens
Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
The debate about the development of German electricity prices after the liberalization of energy markets in 1998 raises the question of failures in market restructuring. However, a general statement would be misleading for two main reasons. Firstly, the price development, analyzed for the exemplary case of household prices, shows significant differences among the stages of the value chain. Secondly, the underlying cost structure might have changed from 1998 to 2004. While such effects can be expected to level out over time, they can distort the comparison of a small period of observation. For these reasons, we analyzed the different price components at a detailed level, finding a considerable price reduction of about 32% in generation and a much lower reduction of 13% in transmission and distribution tariffs. These decreases have been mostly compensated by a significant increase in taxes and subsidies (+56%).
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Structural Change during Transition: Is Russia Becoming a Service Economy?
Albrecht Kauffmann
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Potsdam, Nr. 80,
No. 80,
2005
Abstract
This paper analyses the structural change in Russia during the transition from the planned to a market economy. With regard to the famous three sector hypothesis, broad economic sectors were formed as required by this theory. The computation of their shares at GNP at market prices using Input-Output tables, and the adjustment of results from distortions, generated as side effects of tax avoidance practices, shows results that clearly reject claims that Russia would be on the road to a post-industrial service economy. Instead, at least until 2001, a tendency of “primarisation“ could be observed, that presents Russia closer to less-developed countries.
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