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Exposure to Conflict, Migrations and Long-run Education and Income Inequality: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Adnan Efendic, Dejan Kovač, Jacob N. Shapiro
Defence and Peace Economics,
No. 8,
2023
Abstract
We investigate the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a former Yugoslav state most heavily impacted by the wars of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, former external migrants, and those who did not move. The analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n ≈ 6,000) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. We find that individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance and lower earnings two decades after the war. Former external migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for external migrants who were forced to move. We recommend that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
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Forced Displacement, Exposure to Conflict and Long-run Education and Income Inequality: Evidence from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Adnan Efendic, Dejan Kovač, Jacob N. Shapiro
Abstract
This paper investigates the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Croatia, the two former Yugoslav states most heavily impacted by the conflicts of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, refugees, and those who did not move two decades after the conflicts. For BiH, the analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n = 6, 021) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. For Croatia, outcomes are measured using an anonymized education registry that captured outcomes for over half a million individuals over time. This allows an assessment of convergence between different categories of migrants. In both countries, individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance. External migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for individuals who were forced to move. In Croatia, those who moved during the conflict have worse educational outcomes, but there is a steady convergence between refugees and non-migrants. This research suggests that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
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Exposure to Conflict, Migrations and Long-run Education and Income Inequality: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Adnan Efendic, Dejan Kovač, Jacob N. Shapiro
Abstract
We investigate the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a former Yugoslav state most heavily impacted by the conflicts of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, former external migrants, and those who did not move. The analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n≈6,000) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. We find that individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance and lower earnings two decades after the war. Former external migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for individuals who were forced to move. We recommend that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
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Aktuelle Trends: Unterbeschäftigung im Osten löst sich etwas vom hohen Niveau
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
Die Unterbeschäftigung, die sich aus den registrierten Arbeitslosen und den Sonstigen Unterbeschäftigten (z. B. Teilnehmer an Arbeitsbeschaffungs- und Strukturanpassungsmaßnahmen) zusammensetzt, hat sich seit Mitte der 1990er in Ostdeutschland kaum zurückbildet. Zwischen 1996 und 2006 schwankte die Zahl der Unterbeschäftigten pro Jahr zwischen ca. 1,5 und 1,8 Mio. Personen. Daß die Unterbeschäftigung in diesem Zeitraum nicht deutlich angestiegen ist, liegt – bei tendenziell rückläufiger Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften – maßgeblich am Rückgang des – an der Zahl der Erwerbsfähigen gemessenen – Arbeitsangebots.
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22.01.2007 • 4/2007
Unterbeschäftigung im Osten löst sich nur schwer von hohem Niveau
Die Unterbeschäftigung, die sich aus den registrierten Arbeitslosen und den Sonstigen Unterbeschäftigten (z. B. Teilnehmer an Arbeitsbeschaffungs- und Strukturanpassungsmaßnahmen) zusammensetzt, hat sich seit Mitte der 1990er in Ostdeutschland kaum zurückbildet. Zwischen 1996 und 2006 schwankte die Zahl der Unterbeschäftigten pro Jahr zwischen ca. 1,7 und 1,8 Mio. Personen. Daß die Unterbeschäftigung in diesem Zeitraum nicht deutlich angestiegen ist, liegt – bei tendenziell rückläufiger Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften – maßgeblich am Rückgang des – an der Zahl der Erwerbsfähigen gemessenen – Arbeitsangebots.
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