Does Administrative Status Matter for Urban Growth? Evidence from Present and Former County Capitals in East Germany
Bastian Heider, Albrecht Kauffmann, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Abstract
Public sector activities are often neglected in the economic approaches used to analyze the driving forces behind urban growth. The institutional status of a regional capital is a crucial aspect of public sector activities. This paper reports on a quasi-natural experiment on county towns in East Germany. Since 1990, cities in East Germany have demonstrated remarkable differences in population development. During this same period, many towns have lost their status as a county seat due to several administrative reforms. Using a difference-in-difference approach, the annual population development of former county capitals is compared to population change in towns that have successfully held on to their capital status throughout the observed period. The estimations show that maintaining county capital status has a statistically significant positive effect on annual changes in population. This effect is furthermore increasing over time after the implementation of the respective reforms.
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Informal or Formal Financing? Evidence on the Co-Funding of Chinese Firms
Hans Degryse, Liping Lu, Steven Ongena
Journal of Financial Intermediation,
2016
Abstract
Different modes of external finance provide heterogeneous benefits for the borrowing firms. Informal finance offers informational advantages whereas formal finance is scalable. Using unique survey data from China, we find that informal finance is associated with higher sales growth for small firms but lower sales growth for large firms. We identify a complementary effect between informal and formal finance for the sales growth of small firms, but not for large firms. Co-funding, thereby simultaneously using the informational advantage of informal finance and the scalability of formal finance, is therefore the optimal choice for small firms.
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FDI, Human Capital and Income Convergence — Evidence for European Regions
Björn Jindra, Philipp Marek, Dominik Völlmecke
Economic Systems,
Nr. 2,
2016
Abstract
This study examines income convergence in regional GDP per capita for a sample of 269 regions within the European Union (EU) between 2003 and 2010. We use an endogenous broad capital model based on foreign direct investment (FDI) induced agglomeration economies and human capital. By applying a Markov chain approach to a new dataset that exploits micro-aggregated sub-national FDI statistics, the analysis provides insights into regional income growth dynamics within the EU. Our results indicate a weak process of overall income convergence across EU regions. This does not apply to the dynamics within Central and East European countries (CEECs), where we find indications of a poverty trap. In contrast to FDI, regional human capital seems to be associated with higher income levels. However, we identify a positive interaction of FDI and human capital in their relation with income growth dynamics.
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CEO Political Preference and Corporate Tax Sheltering
Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan, Xian Sun, Qiang Wu
Journal of Corporate Finance,
2016
Abstract
We show that firms led by politically partisan CEOs are associated with a higher level of corporate tax sheltering than firms led by nonpartisan CEOs. Specifically, Republican CEOs are associated with more corporate tax sheltering even when their wealth is not tied with that of shareholders and when corporate governance is weak, suggesting that their tax sheltering decisions could be driven by idiosyncratic factors such as their political ideology. We also show that Democratic CEOs are associated with more corporate tax sheltering only when their stock-based incentives are high, suggesting that their tax sheltering decisions are more likely to be driven by economic incentives. In sum, our results support the political connection hypothesis in general but highlight that the specific factors driving partisan CEOs' tax sheltering behaviors differ. Our results imply that it may cost firms more to motivate Democratic CEOs to engage in more tax sheltering activities because such decisions go against their political beliefs regarding tax policies.
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Exporting Liquidity: Branch Banking and Financial Integration
Erik P. Gilje, Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan
Journal of Finance,
Nr. 3,
2016
Abstract
Using exogenous liquidity windfalls from oil and natural gas shale discoveries, we demonstrate that bank branch networks help integrate U.S. lending markets. Banks exposed to shale booms enjoy liquidity inflows, which increase their capacity to originate and hold new loans. Exposed banks increase mortgage lending in nonboom counties, but only where they have branches and only for hard‐to‐securitize mortgages. Our findings suggest that contracting frictions limit the ability of arm's length finance to integrate credit markets fully. Branch networks continue to play an important role in financial integration, despite the development of securitization markets.
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Regional Capital Flows and Economic Regimes: Evidence from China
Liuchun Deng, Boqun Wang
Economics Letters,
April
2016
Abstract
Using provincial data from China, this paper examines the pattern of capital flows in relation to the transition of economic regimes. We show that fast-growing provinces experienced less capital inflows before the large-scale market reform, contrary to the prediction of the neoclassical growth theory. As China transitioned from the central-planning economy to the market economy, the negative correlation between productivity growth and capital inflows became much less pronounced. From a regional perspective, this finding suggests domestic institutional factors play an important role in shaping the pattern of capital flows.
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Zur Wirtschaftspolitik: Ökonomische Überlegungen zur Verteilung von Flüchtlingen und zur Finanzierung der Kosten der Flüchtlingsmigration in der EU
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner, Andreas Schmalzbauer, Götz Zeddies
Konjunktur aktuell,
Nr. 5,
2015
Abstract
Die aktuelle Fluchtmigration kann nur durch engere internationale Kooperation auf dem Gebiet der Asylpolitik effizient bewältigt werden. Aus ökonomischer Perspektive wäre es sinnvoll, die ankommenden Flüchtlinge nach einem Verteilungsschlüssel auf alle EU-Länder zu verteilen. Dieser Verteilungsschlüssel sollte widerspiegeln, dass die Integrationskosten in den einzelnen Ländern unterschiedlich ausfallen. Effizient ist eine Verteilung, die die Kosten für die Integration zusätzlicher Flüchtlinge – auch unter Berücksichtigung positiver Effekte etwa auf das Erwerbspersonenpotenzial in alternden und schrumpfenden Gesellschaften – nivelliert. Die Kosten zusätzlicher Integration dürften allerdings nicht automatisch dort am niedrigsten sein, wo die ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit am höchsten ist. Ferner sind die einzelnen Länder gegenwärtig sehr unterschiedlich betroffen. Um eine politische Einigung zu erzielen, ist neben einem Verteilungsschlüssel für die Personen auch ein Verteilungsschlüssel für die Kosten erforderlich, der sich an der Leistungsfähigkeit der Länder und an dem Umfang der positiven externen Effekte orientiert, von denen Länder profitieren, die vergleichsweise wenige Flüchtlinge aufnehmen. Der von der EU-Kommission vorgelegte Verteilungsschlüssel greift prinzipiell die richtigen Faktoren auf, ist jedoch im Detail intransparent und könnte verbessert werden. Die Kompensationszahlungen an Länder, die aus Gründen der Kosteneffizienz relativ viele Flüchtlinge gemäß dem Verteilungsschlüssel aufnehmen, sollten durch Umschichtungen innerhalb des EU-Haushalts finanziert werden.
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Im Fokus: Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und wie es dort heute aussieht – Das Beispiel des Chemiestandorts Bitterfeld-Wolfen
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 6,
2015
Abstract
Der Erhalt industrieller Kerne war eines der wirtschaftspolitischen Ziele beim Aufbau Ost. Einer dieser Kerne ist der Chemiestandort Bitterfeld-Wolfen in Sachsen-Anhalt. Der Beitrag untersucht, wie es nach 25 Jahren Deutscher Einheit um diesen industriellen Kern bestellt ist. In einem Satz: Der Kern ist nicht mehr der alte. Die Kombinate der Großchemie waren als Ganzes nicht privatisierbar. An ihre Stelle sind moderne mittelständische Chemiebetriebe getreten. Daneben haben sich neue Branchen, etwa die Glasindustrie, angesiedelt, und in Gestalt einer attraktiven Seenlandschaft ist aus den Braunkohlentagebauen etwas völlig Neues entstanden. Bei den Forschungsaktivitäten kann die Region aber mit westdeutschen Verhältnissen nicht mithalten. Die vielleicht größte künftige Herausforderung wird in einer demographisch bedingt rückläufigen Erwerbspersonenzahl liegen.
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25 Jahre Deutsche Einheit: eine Erfolgsgeschichte?
Gerhard Heimpold, R. Land, K. Schroeder, Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaftsdienst,
2015
Abstract
Der Beitrag gibt ein Vierteljahrhundert nach Herstellung der Deutschen Einheit einen Überblick über den erreichten Stand der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland. Ungeachtet erzielter Fortschritte hängt ein weiteres Aufholen vom erfolgreichen Strukturwandel ab.
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The Quantity Theory Revisited: A New Structural Approach
Makram El-Shagi, Sebastian Giesen
Macroeconomic Dynamics,
Nr. 1,
2015
Abstract
We propose a unified identification scheme to identify monetary shocks and track their propagation through the economy. We combine three approaches dealing with the consequences of monetary shocks. First, we adjust a state space version of the P-star type model employing money overhang as the driving force of inflation. Second, we identify the contemporaneous impact of monetary policy shocks by applying a sign restriction identification scheme to the reduced form given by the state space signal equations. Third, to ensure that our results are not distorted by the measurement error exhibited by the official monetary data, we employ the Divisia M4 monetary aggregate provided by the Center for Financial Stability. Our approach overcomes one of the major difficulties of previous models by using a data-driven identification of equilibrium velocity. Thus, we are able to show that a P-star model can fit U.S. data and money did indeed matter in the United States.
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