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Zhao , Yijiang
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Zheng , Guanyu
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Zheng , Li
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Zhen , Xinting
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Zhong , Doudou
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Zhou , Fuzhao
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Zhou , Mingming
(4)
Zhu , L. J.
(1)
Zhu , Yiping
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Zhu , Yun
(6)
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Zillmer , Sabine
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Zimmermann , H.
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Zolas , Nikolas
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Lohnunterschiede zwischen Betrieben in Ost- und Westdeutschland: Ausmaß und mögliche Erklärungsfaktoren. Ergebnisse aus dem IAB-Betriebspanel 2017
Steffen Müller, Eva Dettmann, Daniel Fackler, Georg Neuschäffer, Viktor Slavtchev, Ute Leber, Barbara Schwengler
IAB-Forschungsbericht 6/2018, 2018
Abstract
Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Betriebe in Deutschland hat sich auch im Jahr 2017 weiter verbessert. Diese Entwicklung spiegelt sich allerdings nur teilweise in der Entwicklung der betrieblichen Durchschnittslöhne wider. Im Vergleich zu 1997 sind sowohl in West- als auch in Ostdeutschland die Lohnunterschiede nach Betriebsgröße spürbar angestiegen. Dabei sind auch am aktuellen Rand die gezahlten Löhne in ostdeutschen Betrieben geringer als in Westdeutschland: das Lohndifferential beträgt etwa 19 Prozent. Etwa ein Drittel dieses Rückstands kann in einer multivariaten Untersuchung erklärt werden. Hauptursache ist das geringere Produktivitätsniveau in Ostdeutschland. Die positive wirtschaftliche Entwicklung geht mit einer weiterhin steigenden Gesamtbeschäftigung und einer höheren Arbeitsmarktdynamik, insbesondere einer höheren Arbeitnehmerfluktuation, einher. Besonders hoch ist diese Fluktuation im Bereich Beherbergung und Gastronomie, in der öffentlichen Verwaltung ist sie dagegen sehr gering. Auch der Bedarf an qualifizierten Beschäftigten ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahr nochmals angestiegen. Von den angebotenen Stellen konnten 2017 allerdings erstmals weniger als zwei Drittel besetzt werden. Dabei ist eine starke Heterogenität nach Betriebsgröße und Branchen zu beobachten. So lag bspw. die Nichtbesetzungsquote im Baugewerbe bei über 50 Prozent, während in der Öffentlichen Verwaltung lediglich 10 Prozent der Stellen nicht besetzt werden konnten. Die Tätigkeitsstruktur der Betriebe hat sich hinsichtlich formaler Qualifikationsanforderungen an die Beschäftigten in den vergangenen Jahren kaum verändert. Allerdings scheint der Einsatz digitaler Technologien mit veränderten Anforderungen an und einer steigenden Arbeitsbelastung für die Beschäftigten einherzugehen. Darüber hinaus nimmt die Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, insbesondere von Teilzeitbeschäftigung, bundesweit weiter zu. Dabei ist die Teilzeitquote in ostdeutschen Betrieben höher als in westdeutschen. Der Anteil der geringfügigen Beschäftigung an der Gesamtbeschäftigung blieb dagegen relativ konstant und ist höher in Branchen, die vergleichsweise unspezifische Qualifikationen erfordern oder stärker durch konjunkturelle und/oder saisonale (Nachfrage-)Schwankungen gekennzeichnet sind. Der Anteil ausbildungsberechtigter Betriebe sinkt seit dem Jahr 2010 beständig und liegt aktuell bei 53 Prozent, in Ostdeutschland deutlich darunter. Von den berechtigten Betrieben beteiligt sich etwa die Hälfte an der Ausbildung zukünftiger Fachkräfte. Der Anteil nicht besetzter Ausbildungsstellen an allen angebotenen Ausbildungsplätzen hat im Jahr 2017 noch einmal deutlich zugenommen und liegt bei etwa einem Viertel, in Ostdeutschland bei über einem Drittel. Hinsichtlich der Weiterbildungsbeteiligung lässt sich feststellen, dass unverändert etwa die Hälfte aller Betriebe sich an der Weiterbildung ihrer Beschäftigten beteiligt, die Weiterbildungsquote der Beschäftigten liegt bei etwa einem Drittel, in Ostdeutschland etwas höher.
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Within Gain, Structural Pain: Capital Account Liberalization and Economic Growth
Xiang Li, Dan Su
New Structural Economics Working Paper No. E2018010, 2018
Abstract
This paper is the first to study the effects of capital account liberalization on structural transformation and compare the contribution of within term and structural term to economic growth. We use a 10-sector-level productivity dataset to decomposes the effects of opening capital account on within-sector productivity growth and cross-sector structural transformation. We find that opening capital account is associated with labor productivity and employment share increment in sectors with higher human capital intensity and external financial dependence, as well as non-tradable sectors. But it results in a growth-reducing structural transformation by directing labor into sectors with lower productivity. Moreover, in the ten years after capital account liberalization, the contribution share of structural transformation decreases while that of within productivity growth increases. We conclude that the relationship between capital account liberalization and economic growth is within gain and structural pain.
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Upturn Loses Momentum – World Economic Climate Grows Harsher
Roland Döhrn, Oliver Holtemöller, Stefan Kooths, Claus Michelsen, Timo Wollmershäuser
Wirtschaftsdienst, No. 10, 2018
Abstract
Der Aufschwung in Deutschland hält bereits seit mehr als fünf Jahren an. Er hat allerdings an Fahrt eingebüβt. Dies hat sowohl nachfrageseitige als auch produktionsseitige Gründe. Zum einen hat sich das Auslandsgeschäft im Einklang mit der Verlangsamung der Konjunktur in den wichtigsten deutschen Absatzmärkten abgeschwächt. Zum anderen sehen sich Unternehmen zunehmend Engpässen gegenüber, vor allem bei Arbeitskräften und beim Bezug von Vorleistungsgütern. Überlagert wird dies durch Probleme in der Automobilindustrie im Zusammenhang mit der Einführung des neuen Prüfverfahrens WLTP. Aufgrund der hohen gesamtwirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Branche hinterlassen diese sichtbare Spuren beim Zuwachs des Bruttoinlandsprodukts. Die Umstellungsprobleme dürften aber im Winterhalbjahr überwunden werden. Hinzu kommen Impulse aufgrund von finanzpolitischen Maβnahmen, die zum Jahresbeginn 2019 in Kraft treten.
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EFN Report Autumn 2018: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2018 and 2019
EFN Reports, No. 3, 2018
Abstract
• Signs of a slowing world economy are piling up: Since the beginning of the year purchasing manager indices have been declining globally, in summer higher US interest rates led investors to withdraw capital from emerging markets, and as a consequence, capital costs rose and currencies depreciated in many emerging markets economies. In October stock prices decreased markedly worldwide including the US, despite the strong upswing in this country. • As a consequence of the turmoil on financial markets, monetary conditions in many emerging economies are no longer favorable. What ultimately counts for the prospects of the global economy, is, however, the performance of the US, the Euro area, China and Japan. The upswing in the US appears stable enough to continue well into 2019. While at present the rest of the group appears to lose momentum, there is a good chance that production in each of these economies will still expand at rates that are close to their potential growth. Further protectionist rounds are the most important risk to this scenario. • In the first half of the current year the euro area economy expanded at a markedly slower rate than in 2017, about 0.4% per quarter, but still substantial. Rising risk premia on Italian assets will probably force banks in this large country to tighten credit conditions, and a slowing world trade will dent export growth. All in all, we expect GDP growth in the euro area to go down from 2.4% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 and to 1.7% in 2019. • Employment continues to expand and vacancy rates are at present higher than in 2017. As a consequence, wages rise more quickly: nominal compensations per employee started accelerating early in 2017, and negotiated wages followed at the beginning of 2018. Wage inflation of slightly below 2.5% and healthy growth in employment raise real labor incomes markedly. • Our forecasts are based on the assumption that rating agencies will continue as-signing investment grade to the Italian government debt, and that the Italian government and the European Commission will find a compromise about the draft budget of the country in the coming weeks. Another assumption is that the UK will not exit the EU in an unorderly way in March 2019.
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Development of Survey Questions on Robotics Expenditures and Use in U.S. Manufacturing Establishments
Catherine Buffington, Javier Miranda, Robert Seamans
Center for Economic Studies (CES) Working Paper Series, No. 44, 2018
Abstract
The U.S. Census Bureau in partnership with a team of external researchers developed a series of questions on the use of robotics in U.S. manufacturing establishments. The questions include: (1) capital expenditures for new and used industrial robotic equipment in 2018, (2) number of industrial robots in operation in 2018, and (3) number of industrial robots purchased in 2018. These questions are to be included in the 2018 Annual Survey of Manufactures. This paper documents the background and cognitive testing process used for the development of these questions.
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Connecting to Power: Political Connections, Innovation, and Firm Dynamics
Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, Francesca Lotti
NBER Working Paper, No. 25136, 2018
Abstract
How do political connections affect firm dynamics, innovation, and creative destruction? To answer this question, we build a firm dynamics model, where we allow firms to invest in innovation and/or political connection to advance their productivity and to overcome certain market frictions. Our model generates a number of theoretical testable predictions and highlights a new interaction between static gains and dynamic losses from rent-seeking in aggregate productivity. We test the predictions of our model using a brand-new dataset on Italian firms and their workers, spanning the period from 1993 to 2014, where we merge: (i) firm-level balance sheet data; (ii) social security data on the universe of workers; (iii) patent data from the European Patent Office; (iv) the national registry of local politicians; and (v) detailed data on local elections in Italy. We find that firm-level political connections are widespread, especially among large firms, and that industries with a larger share of politically connected firms feature worse firm dynamics. We identify a leadership paradox: when compared to their competitors, market leaders are much more likely to be politically connected, but much less likely to innovate. In addition, political connections relate to a higher rate of survival, as well as growth in employment and revenue, but not in productivity – a result that we also confirm using a regression discontinuity design.
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Labour Market Power and the Distorting Effects of International Trade
Matthias Mertens
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 18, 2018
published in:
International Journal of Industrial Organization
Abstract
This article examines how trade shocks shape labour market imperfections that create market power in labour markets and prevent an efficient allocation of labour. I develop a framework for measuring such labour market distortions in monetary terms and document large degrees of those distortions in Germany’s manufacturing sector. Import competition can only exert labour market disciplining effects when firms rather than workers have labour market power. Otherwise, export demand and import competition shocks tend to fortify existing distortions by amplifying labour market power structures. This diminishes the gains from trade compared to a model with perfectly competitive labour markets.
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SMEs and Access to Bank Credit: Evidence on the Regional Propagation of the Financial Crisis in the UK
Hans Degryse, Kent Matthews, Tianshu Zhao
Journal of Financial Stability, 2018
Abstract
We study the sensitivity of banks’ credit supply to small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in the UK with respect to the banks’ financial condition before and during the financial crisis. Employing unique data on the geographical location of all bank branches in the UK, we connect firms’ access to bank credit to the financial condition (i.e., bank health and the use of core deposits) of all bank branches in the vicinity of the firm for the period 2004–2011. Before the crisis, banks’ local financial conditions did not influence credit availability irrespective of the functional distance (i.e., the distance between bank branch and bank headquarters). However, during the crisis, we find that SMEs with banks within their vicinity that have stronger financial conditions faced greater credit availability when the functional distance is close. Our results point to a “flight to headquarters” effect during the financial crisis.
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Plant-level Employment Development before Collective Displacements: Comparing Mass Layoffs, Plant Closures and Bankruptcies
Daniel Fackler, Steffen Müller, Jens Stegmaier
Applied Economics, No. 50, 2018
Abstract
This article analyzes the development of employment levels and worker flows before bankruptcies, plant closure without bankruptcies and mass layoffs. Utilizing administrative plant-level data for Germany, we find no systematic employment reductions prior to mass layoffs, a strong and long-lasting reduction prior to closures, and a much shorter shadow of death preceding bankruptcies. Employment reductions in closing plants, in contrast to bankruptcies and mass layoffs, do not come along with increased worker flows. These patterns point to an intended and controlled shrinking strategy for closures without bankruptcy and to an unintended collapse for bankruptcies and mass layoffs.
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Business Dynamics of Innovating Firms: Linking U.S. Patents with Administrative Data on Workers and Firms
Stuart Graham, Cheryl Grim, Tariqul Islam, Alan Marco, Javier Miranda
Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, No. 3, 2018
Abstract
This paper discusses the construction of a new longitudinal database tracking inventors and patent-owning firms over time. We match granted patents between 2000 and 2011 to administrative databases of firms and workers housed at the U.S. Census Bureau. We use inventor information in addition to the patent assignee firm name to improve on previous efforts linking patents to firms. The triangulated database allows us to maximize match rates and provide validation for a large fraction of matches. In this paper, we describe the construction of the database and explore basic features of the data. We find patenting firms, particularly young patenting firms, disproportionally contribute jobs to the U.S. economy. We find that patenting is a relatively rare event among small firms but that most patenting firms are nevertheless small, and that patenting is not as rare an event for the youngest firms compared to the oldest firms. Although manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors, we find that most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors. These new data are a product of collaboration within the U.S. Department of Commerce, between the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
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