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Contracting with Heterogeneous Externalities
Shai B. Bernstein, Eyal Winter
American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, No. 2, 2012
Abstract
We model situations in which a principal offers contracts to a group of agents to participate in a project. Agents' benefits from participation depend on the identity of other participating agents. We assume heterogeneous externalities and characterize the optimal contracting scheme. We show that the optimal contracts' payoff relies on a ranking, which arise from a tournament among the agents. The optimal ranking cannot be achieved by a simple measure of popularity. Using the structure of the optimal contracts, we derive results on the principal's revenue extraction and the role of the level of externalities' asymmetry.
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Are Universal Banks Bad for Financial Stability? Germany During the World Financial Crisis
Diemo Dietrich, Uwe Vollmer
Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, No. 2, 2012
Abstract
This case study explores the contribution of universal banking to financial stability in Germany during the recent financial crisis. Germany is a prototype for universal banking and has suffered from a rather small number of banking crises in the past. We review the banking literature and analyze the major institutional and regulatory features of the German financial system to establish a nexus between universal banking and stability.
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Monetary Policy in a World Where Money (Also) Matters
Makram El-Shagi, Sebastian Giesen
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 6, 2012
Abstract
While the long-run relation between money and inflation as predicted by the quantity theory is well established, empirical studies of the short-run adjustment process have been inconclusive at best. The literature regarding the validity of the quantity theory within a given economy is mixed. Previous research has found support for quantity theory within a given economy by combining the P-Star, the structural VAR and the monetary aggregation literature. However, these models lack precise modelling of the short-run dynamics by ignoring interest rates as the main policy instrument. Contrarily, most New Keynesian approaches, while excellently modeling the short-run dynamics transmitted through interest rates, ignore the role of money and thus the potential mid-and long-run effects of monetary policy. We propose a parsimonious and fairly unrestrictive econometric model that allows a detailed look into the dynamics of a monetary policy shock by accounting for changes in economic equilibria, such as potential output and money demand, in a framework that allows for both monetarist and New Keynesian transmission mechanisms, while also considering the Barnett critique. While we confirm most New Keynesian findings concerning the short-run dynamics, we also find strong evidence for a substantial role of the quantity of money for price movements.
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Greater Efficiency through More Competition in the Health Care Sector?
Ingmar Kumpmann
WSI-Mitteilungen, No. 4, 2012
Abstract
In gesundheitspolitischen Debatten wird vielfach mehr Wettbewerb zwischen Krankenversicherungen als Mittel zur Steigerung der Effizienz des Gesundheitswesens empfohlen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Folgen eines idealtypischen Wettbewerbs zwischen Krankenversicherungen für Kosten und Qualität der medizinischen Versorgung diskutiert. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Kosten im Wettbewerb keineswegs sinken, sondern steigen, weil konkurrierende Kostenträger die starke Position der Leistungserbringer am Markt schlechter ausgleichen können als der Staat oder ein Versicherungskartell. Der Wettbewerb kann ferner dazu führen, dass sich der Markt segmentiert: einerseits in Versicherungen, die bei niedrigen Beiträgen nur Zugang zu unbeliebten Ärzten bieten, und andererseits Versicherungen, die gegen höhere Beiträge die freie Arztwahl garantieren. Die mit stärkerem Versicherungswettbewerb verbundene Einschränkung der freien Arztwahl beeinträchtigt den Ärztewettbewerb um Patienten.
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Does Central Bank Staff Beat Private Forecasters?
Makram El-Shagi, Sebastian Giesen, A. Jung
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 5, 2012
Abstract
In the tradition of Romer and Romer (2000), this paper compares staff forecasts of the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the European Central Bank (ECB) for inflation and output with corresponding private forecasts. Standard tests show that the Fed and less so the ECB have a considerable information advantage about inflation and output. Using novel tests for conditional predictive ability and forecast stability for the US, we identify the driving forces of the narrowing of the information advantage of Greenbook forecasts coinciding with the Great Moderation.
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Delineation of City Regions Based on Commuting Interrelations: The Example of Large Cities in Germany
Albrecht Kauffmann
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 4, 2012
Abstract
The comparison of cities with regard to their economic or demographic development may yield misleading results, if solely the cities in their administrative borders are the object of consideration. Frequently, historical borders of cities neither conform to the contemporary settlement structures, nor do they consider the mutual dependencies between cities and parts of their hinterland. Therefore, it is often claimed to use city regions as objects of comparison or for the sake of urban planning. Commonly, the delineation of functional regions is based on commuting flows from the municipalities in the hinterland of the core cities directed to the cores. A municipality is regarded as belonging to a certain city region if the share of out-commuters from this municipality to the respective core in the total mass of those employees who reside in that municipality is the largest one, and if this share exceeds a certain threshold value. However, commuting flows in the opposite direction are not considered. The method presented here delineates city regions on the base of bidirectional commuting flows. Hereby, various modifications regarding the characteristics of the employment base, the possibility of overlaps of regions, the formation of polycentric city regions, and of the minimum threshold value of mutual connectivity are applied to the sample of 81 German cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants. Finally, the effects of different kinds of regionalisation on the coefficients of regional specialisation of these cities and city regions are demonstrated.
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Veblen's Predator and the Great Crisis
John B. Hall, Iciar Dominguez Lacasa, Jutta Günther
Journal of Economic Issues, No. 2, 2012
Abstract
With this inquiry we attribute cause for the current and “Great Crisis“ to Veblen's predator. After summarizing origins and manifestations of this crisis we juxtapose Veblen's emphasis upon the predator to other potential causes for crisis and crises. Noted to have emerged when our stock of human knowledge provided for the creation of surplus, Veblen's predator is presented as capable of metamorphosis and also driving evolution of our capitalistic system: whether this means emerging as the businessman in the “era of the machine,“ or the investment banker promoting a financial metaphysics in the current “era of finance.“
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What Drives Banking Sector Fragility in the Eurozone? Evidence from Stock Market Data
Stefan Eichler, Karol Sobanski
Journal of Common Market Studies, No. 4, 2012
Abstract
This article explores the determinants of banking sector fragility in the eurozone. For this purpose, a stock-market-based banking sector fragility indicator is calculated for eight member countries from 1999 to 2009 using the Merton model (1974). Using a panel framework, it is found that the macroeconomic environment, the structure of the banking sector and the intensity of banking regulation all have an effect on banking sector fragility in the eurozone.
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Do Government Owned Banks Trade Market Power for Slack?
Andreas Hackethal, Michael Koetter, Oliver Vins
Applied Economics, No. 33, 2012
Abstract
The ‘Quiet Life Hypothesis (QLH)’ posits that banks with market power have less incentives to maximize revenues and minimize cost. Especially government owned banks with a public mandate precluding profit maximization might succumb to a quiet life. We use a unified approach that simultaneously measures market power and efficiency to test the quiet life hypothesis of German savings banks. We find that average local market power declined between 1996 and 2006. Cost and profit efficiency remained constant. Nonparametric correlations are consistent with a quiet life regarding cost efficiency but not regarding profit efficiency. The quiet life on the cost side is negatively correlated with bank size, quality of loan portfolio and local per capita income. The last result indicates that the quiet cost life is therefore potentially due to benevolent excess consumption of local input factors by public savings banks.
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EFN Report Autumn 2012: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2012 and 2013
, 2012
Abstract
In the autumn of 2012, economic growth in the world is rather anemic; production in most regions has been weak for some time: the recovery in the US began to slow down early this year; production has been shrinking in the euro area and in Britain since the autumn 2011; and the temporary rebound of production in Japan appears to have ended this summer. Already in 2011, economic expansion in emerging markets, and in China in particular, began slowing down markedly. World trade has all but stagnated in the first half of 2012.
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