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Labor Demand During the Crisis: What Happened in Germany?
Claudia M. Buch
IZA. Discussion Paper No. 6074, 2011
Abstract
In Germany, the employment response to the post-2007 crisis has been muted compared to other industrialized countries. Despite a large drop in output, employment has hardly changed. In this paper, we analyze the determinants of German firms’ labor demand during the crisis using a firm-level panel dataset. Our analysis proceeds in two steps. First, we estimate a dynamic labor demand function for the years 2000-2009 accounting for the degree of working time flexibility and the presence of works councils. Second, on the basis of these estimates, we use the difference between predicted and actual employment as a measure of labor hoarding as the dependent variable in a cross-sectional regression for 2009. Apart from total labor hoarding, we also look at the determinants of subsidized labor hoarding through short-time work. The structural characteristics of firms using these channels of adjustment differ. Product market competition has a negative impact on total labor hoarding but a positive effect on the use of short-time work. Firm covered by collective agreements hoard less labor overall; firms without financial frictions use short-time work less intensively.
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Rules versus Discretion in Loan Rate Setting
Geraldo Cerqueiro, Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Journal of Financial Intermediation, No. 4, 2011
Abstract
Loan rates for seemingly identical borrowers often exhibit substantial dispersion. This paper investigates the determinants of the dispersion in interest rates on loans granted by banks to small and medium sized enterprises. We associate this dispersion with the loan officers’ use of “discretion” in the loan rate setting process. We find that “discretion” is most important if: (i) loans are small and unsecured; (ii) firms are small and opaque; (iii) the firm operates in a large and highly concentrated banking market; and (iv) the firm is distantly located from the lender. Consistent with the proliferation of information-technologies in the banking industry, we find a decreasing role for “discretion” over time in the provision of small credits to opaque firms. While widely used in the pricing of loans, “discretion” plays only a minor role in the decisions to grant loans.
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The Role of Investment Banking for the German Economy: Final Report for Deutsche Bank AG, Frankfurt/Main
Michael Schröder, M. Borell, Reint E. Gropp, Z. Iliewa, L. Jaroszek, G. Lang, S. Schmidt, K. Trela
ZEW-Dokumentationen, Nr. 12-01, No. 1, 2011
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the contributions of investment banking to the economy with a particular focus on the German economy. To this end we analyse both the economic benefits and the costs stemming from investment banking. The study focuses on investment banks as this part of banking is particularly relevant for financing companies as well as the development and use of specific products to support the needs of private and professional clients. The assessment of benefits and costs of investment banking has been conducted from a European perspective. Nevertheless there is a focus on the German economy to allow a more detailed analysis of certain aspects as for example the use of derivatives by German companies, the success of M&As in Germany or the effect of securitization on loan supply and GDP in Germany. For comparison purposes other European countries and also the U.S. have been taken into account. The last financial crisis has shown the negative impacts of banks on the financial system and the whole economy. In a study on the contribution of investment banks to systemic risk we quantify the negative side of the investment banking business. In the last part of the study we assess how the effects of regulatory changes on investment banking. All important changes in banking and capital market regulation are taken into account such as Basel III, additional capital requirements for systemically important financial institutions, regulation of OTC derivatives and specific taxes.
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Industrial Associations as a Channel of Business-Government Interactions in an Imperfect Institutional Environment: The Russian Case
A. Yakovlev, A. Govorun
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 16, 2011
Abstract
International lessons from emerging economies suggest that business associations may provide an effective channel of communication between the government and the private sector. This function of business associations may become still more important in transition economies, where old mechanisms for coordinating enterprise activities have been destroyed, while the new ones have not been established yet. In this context, Russian experience is a matter of interest, because for a long time, Russia was regarded as a striking example of state failures and market failures. Consequently, the key point of our study was a description of the role and place of business associations in the presentday Russian economy and their interaction with member companies and bodies of state administration. Relying on the survey data of 957 manufacturing firms conducted in 2009, we found that business associations are more frequently joined by larger companies, firms located in regional capital cities, and firms active in investment and innovation. By contrast, business associations tend to be less frequently joined by business groups’ subsidiaries and firms that were non-responsive about their respective ownership structures. Our regression analysis has also confirmed that business associations are a component of what Frye (2002) calls an “elite exchange”– although only on regional and local levels. These “exchanges” imply that members of business associations, on the one hand, more actively assist regional and local authorities in social development of their regions, and on the other hand more often receive support from authorities. However, this effect is insignificant in terms of support from the federal government. In general, our results allow us to believe that at present, business associations (especially the industry-wide and “leading” ones) consolidate the most active, advanced companies and act as collective representatives of their interests. For this reason, business associations can be regarded as interface units between the authorities and businesses and as a possible instrument for promotion of economic development.
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Europäische Schuldenkrise belastet deutsche Konjunktur: Gemeinschaftsdiagnose Herbst 2011
Dienstleistungsauftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie, 2011
Abstract
Im Sommer 2011 haben sich die Aussichten für die Weltwirtschaft deutlich verschlechtert. Insbesondere droht in Europa die Staatsschuldenkrise sich zu einer Bankenkrise auszuweiten. Dies belastet zunehmend auch die deutsche Konjunktur. Die stark erhöhte Unsicherheit wird die inländische Nachfrage dämpfen, und der Außenhandel dürfte aufgrund der schwierigen Lage wichtiger Handelspartner nicht mehr zur Expansion beitragen. Die Institute erwarten, dass das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 2,9 % und im kommenden lediglich um 0,8 % zunimmt. Die Arbeitslosenquote dürfte nur noch wenig zurückgehen von 7,0 % auf 6,7 % im Jahr 2012. Die Inflationsrate von voraussichtlich 2,3 % im Jahr 2011 und 1,8 % im Jahr 2012 wird mehr und mehr vom inländischen Preisauftrieb bestimmt. Das Budgetdefizit des Staates wird auf 0,9 % in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr und auf 0,6 % im kommenden Jahr zurückgehen.
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Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Functions: Identifying Sources of Regional Employment Growth in Germany from 2003 to 2008
Matthias Brachert, Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 15, 2011
published in:
Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography
Abstract
This article analyses how regional employment growth in Germany is affected by related variety, unrelated variety and the functions a region performs in the production process. Following the related variety literature, we argue that regions benefit from the existence of related activities that facilitate economic development. However, we argue that the sole reliance of related variety on standard industrial classifications remains debatable. Hence, we offer estimations for establishing that conceptual progress can indeed be made when a focus for analysis goes beyond solely considering industries. We develop an industry-function based approach of related and unrelated variety. Our findings suggest that related variety only in combination with a high functional specialization of the region facilitates regional growth in Germany. Additionally, also unrelated variety per se fails to wield influences affecting development of regions. It is rather unrelated, but functionally proximate variety in the groups “White Collar” and “Blue Collar Workers” positively affects regional employment growth.
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Services strengthen macroeconomic relevance of manufacturing industry
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaftsdienst, 2011
Abstract
Gemäß der Drei-Sektoren-Hypothese verliert die Industrie mit steigenden Realeinkommen an gesamtwirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Diese Tendenz wurde in der Vergangenheit anhand des Anteils der Wertschöpfung bzw. der Beschäftigung in der Industrie an der Gesamtwirtschaft gemessen und für Deutschland für die Jahrzehnte seit 1970 bestätigt. In diesem Beitrag sind dagegen die industriellen Endprodukte Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung. Es wird mit Hilfe der Input-Output-Analyse gezeigt, dass sie aufgrund der zunehmenden Interdependenz zwischen Industrie und Dienstleistungssektor einen wachsenden Anteil der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Wertschöpfung absorbieren.
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EFN Report Autumn 2011: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2011 and 2012
, 2011
Abstract
High growth dynamics and demand coming from emerging markets will slow only modestly in the rest of 2011 and in 2012, but the intensification of the financial turmoil and the doubts about the ability of the European Union to contain the consequences of possible defaults will hamper world economic growth considerably in our forecasting horizon. For the euro area, we expect GDP to grow by around 1.6% in 2011 and 0.8% in 2012, not enough to bring the unemployment rate back below 10% and substantially less for 2012 than in our Summer report. Many private households and firms will adopt a wait-and-see attitude while, to restore confidence in the euro area sovereign debt, fiscal policy will become even more restrictive.
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Selektivität, soziale Bindung und räumliche Mobilität - Eine Analyse der Rückkehrpräferenz nach Ostdeutschland
Lutz Schneider, Alexander Kubis, D. Wiest
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, No. -1, 2011
Abstract
Selectivity, social ties and spatial mobility. An analysis of preferences for return migration to East Germany. In the public debate, brain drain from East Germany is supposed to be the most critical trend regarding the development and catching up of the New Länder. Therefore, potential for in- and re-migration has attracted much attention at least in the political context. Our contribution analyses the remigration potential on basis of data from a DFG research project focussing on the re-migration intentions of people formerly emigrated from Saxony-Anhalt. The analysis concentrates on the following aspects: the effect of job market success after emigration; the impact of social ties to the origin and the host region and on the selectivity of re-migration preferences. The econometric results confirm several expected effects: On the one hand an individual’s job market success reduces the intention to return. Likewise, the re-migration preference increases for people whose expectations were disappointed. On the other hand, the relevance of social ties to the origin region for re-migration dispositions is confirmed by the estimations. Yet, regarding selectivity of re-migration preferences in terms of human capital econometric results are somewhat ambiguous.
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Konjunktur aktuell: Schulden- und Vertrauenskrise bringt Rezessionsgefahr nach Deutschland
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 9, 2011
Abstract
Drei Jahre nach dem Beginn der schwersten Rezession der Nachkriegsgeschichte steht die Wirtschaft des Euroraums vor einer erneuten Rezession; die Konjunktur in Deutschland gerät aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach in eine Phase der Stagnation. Nach der hier vorgelegten Prognose wird die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion in Deutschland in beiden Quartalen des Winterhalbjahres 2011/2012 leicht sinken; die technische Bedingung für eine Rezession wäre damit auch hier erfüllt. Eine langsamere Gangart der Konjunktur ab dem zweiten Halbjahr 2011 war schon im Frühjahr weithin erwartet worden. In den vergangenen Wochen hat die Abschwächung jedoch eine neue Qualität bekommen. Die Aktienkurse sind rund um den Globus massiv eingebrochen und zeigen deutlich erhöhte Schwankungen. Gleichzeitig haben sich die Vertrauensindikatoren weltweit stark verschlechtert, zuletzt insbesondere auch in Deutschland. Der Vertrauensverlust setzte ein, während in den USA um die Ausweitung der Obergrenze für Bundesschulden und in der Europäischen Union um ein neues Hilfspaket für Griechenland sowie eine Reform des Rettungsfonds gerungen wurde. Die Ende Juli ausgehandelten Kompromisse wurden weder diesseits noch jenseits des Atlantiks als Befreiungsschläge aus den fiskalpolitischen Krisen aufgefasst und konnten deshalb die Stimmungseinbrüche nicht aufhalten. Stattdessen hat sich die Situation im Euroraum in den vergangenen Wochen weiter zugespitzt, weil an den Finanzmärkten Zweifel an der Zahlungsfähigkeit der großen Schuldenländer Spanien und vor allem Italien größer geworden sind. Zwar konnte die Europäische Zentralbank eine deutliche Erhöhung der Risikoaufschläge italienischer und spanischer Staatsanleihen durch eine Ausweitung ihres Ankaufprogramms verhindern, eine langfristige Lösung für die Schuldenpro¬blematik ist dies jedoch nicht.
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