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11.08.2015 • 31/2015

Konjunktur aktuell: Ostdeutsche Wirtschaft: Konjunktur bleibt im Jahr 2015 kräftig, strukturelle Probleme hemmen

Die Wirtschaft in Ostdeutschland (ohne Berlin) dürfte im Jahr 2015 um 1,5% expandieren. Sie partizipiert dank der engen Integration in den gesamtdeutschen Konjunkturverbund am bundesweiten Aufschwung des privaten Konsums und der Investitionen. Wegen der überwiegenden Orientierung der Exporte auf den Euroraum und die angrenzenden mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder dürfte die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft auch von der dort einsetzenden Erholung profitieren. Allerdings gibt der Handel mit Russland wohl weiter nach.

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Aktuelle Trends: In den meisten deutschen Bundesländern stieg die Exportintensität der Industrie – aber die ostdeutschen Flächenländer verbleiben auf hinteren Rangplätzen

Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 3, 2015
Abstract
Die Industrie konnte im Jahr 2014 im Vergleich zum Jahr 2010 in den meisten Bundesländern die Exportintensität steigern. Besonders kräftig nahm die Auslandsorientierung in Berlin und in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern zu. Trotzdem bleiben alle ostdeutschen Flächenländer auf hinteren Rangplätzen. Im Schnitt lag im Jahr 2014 die Exportintensität in Ostdeutschland bei rund 35%, in Westdeutschland bei ca. 48%.
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On the Twin Deficits Hypothesis and the Import Intensity in Transition Countries

Hubert Gabrisch
International Economics and Economic Policy, No. 2, 2015
Abstract
This article aims to explain the increasing deficits in the trade and current account balances of three post-transition countries–Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland–by testing two hypotheses: the twin deficit hypothesis and increasing import intensity of export production. The method uses co-integration and related techniques to test for a long-run causal relationship between the fiscal and external deficits of three post-transition countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In addition, an import intensity model is tested by applying OLS and GMM. All the results reject the Twin Deficits Hypothesis. Instead, the results demonstrate that specific transition factors such as net capital flows and, probably, a high import intensity of exports affect the trade balance.
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Assessing European Competitiveness: the Contribution of CompNet Research

Filippo di Mauro, Maddalena Ronchi
CompNet Report, June 2015
Abstract
Restoring competitiveness is broadly acknowledged as the critical building block for achieving sustainable growth, but defining competitiveness, both in terms of tools as well as objectives, is a matter of debate. The Competitiveness Research Network (CompNet) adopts a pragmatic approach, defining “a competitive economy [as] one in which institutional and macroeconomic conditions allow productive firms to thrive… [thus supporting] the expansion of employment, investment and trade” (Draghi, 2012). This approach requires handling (i) firm-level features, most notably productivity, (ii) macroeconomic factors, and (iii) cross-border aspects related to the operation of global value chains (GVCs). While at first concentrating solely on the original mandate of explaining export competitiveness, the Network has extended the scope of its research to broader aspects related to productivity drivers.
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Ökonomische Wirksamkeit der Konjunktur stützenden finanzpolitischen Maßnahmen der Jahre 2008 und 2009. Forschungsvorhaben im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums der Finanzen

IWH Online, No. 4, 2015
Abstract
Die weltweite Finanzkrise hat zu einem starken Einbruch der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität geführt. Davon waren in Deutschland vor allem der Export, aber auch die Unternehmensinvestitionen betroffen. Übertreibungen im Immobiliensektor oder eine übermäßige Verschuldung, die anderenorts eine große Rolle spielten, waren hierzulande nicht zu konstatieren. Gleichwohl war aufgrund der internationalen Verflechtungen auch das deutsche Bankensystem stark von der Krise beeinträchtigt. Der Einbruch der Konjunktur im Jahr 2009 nahm schließlich ein Ausmaß an, das die Wirtschaftspolitik über die Maßnahmen zur Stabilisierung des Finanzsystems hinaus unter Handlungsdruck setzte. Dies lag nicht zuletzt daran, dass die Möglichkeiten der Geldpolitik aufgrund der Probleme im Bankensektor eingeschränkt waren. Das Vertrauen der Menschen in die Erholung der Weltwirtschaft war erheblich beeinträchtigt. In Deutschland wurden finanzpolitische Maßnahmen beschlossen, die sich verteilt auf die Jahre 2009 bis 2012 auf insgesamt gut fünf Prozent in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt beliefen; hinzu kam ein umfangreiches Kredit- und Kreditbürgschaftsprogramm zur Sicherung der Kreditversorgung.
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EFN Report Spring 2015: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, No. 2, 2015
Abstract
Recent movements on world markets for commodities, currencies and capital stimulate the world economy, but they entail also considerable risks: income losses of energy exporting countries might trigger financial crises with worldwide repercussions; crises might also emerge from financial distress of emerging market debtors with liabilities denominated in US dollars. Extremely low interest rates might not only trigger stock and bond price booms, but also more volatility if investors become fearful of financial bubbles. Quite a few conditions are highly beneficial for a recovery of the euro area economy: governments and large corporations benefit from ultra-low bond yields, banks’ composite costs of debt financing have been converging during the past two years to very low levels, and borrowing costs for non-financial corporations have come down markedly. Prices for stocks, bonds and (on average) houses have gone up. Real disposable incomes of private households have risen due to oil prices. The real effective exchange rate is about 10% lower in March 2015 than it was a year ago, strengthening the price competitiveness of firms in the euro area. According to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.6% in 2015 and by 2.1% in 2016. Structural impediments, however, still limit the ability of the euro area economy to grow strongly: firms and, in particular, private households are only slowly reducing their heavy debt burdens, and confidence will not fully come back in France and Italy, as long as reform processes are inconclusive in both countries and as long as unemployment is not coming down markedly. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.1%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.3%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for continued monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus, in particular in those countries where the implementation of structural reforms brings long term gains but short term losses.
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Assessing European Competitiveness: The New CompNet Microbased Database

Paloma Lopez-Garcia, Filippo di Mauro
ECB Working Paper, No. 1764, 2015
Abstract
Drawing from confidential firm-level balance sheets for 17 European countries (13 Euro-Area), the paper documents the newly expanded database of cross-country comparable competitiveness-related indicators built by the Competitiveness Research Network (CompNet). The new database provides information on the distribution of labour productivity, TFP, ULC or size of firms in detailed 2-digit industries but also within broad macrosectors or considering the full economy. Most importantly, the expanded database includes detailed information on critical determinants of competitiveness such as the financial position of the firm, its exporting intensity, employment creation or price-cost margins. Both the distribution of all those variables, within each industry, but also their joint analysis with the productivity of the firm provides critical insights to both policy-makers and researchers regarding aggregate trends dynamics. The current database comprises 17 EU countries, with information for 56 industries, including both manufacturing and services, over the period 1995-2012. The paper aims at analysing the structure and characteristics of this novel database, pointing out a number of results that are relevant to study productivity developments and its drivers. For instance, by using covariances between productivity and employment the paper shows that the drop in employment which occurred during the recent crisis appears to have had “cleansing effects” on EU economies, as it seems to have accelerated resource reallocation towards the most productive firms, particularly in economies under stress. Lastly, this paper will be complemented by four forthcoming papers, each providing an in-depth description and methodological overview of each of the main groups of CompNet indicators (financial, trade-related, product and labour market).
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EFN Report Winter 2014/15: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, No. 1, 2015
Abstract
At the beginning of the year 2015 crude oil is, with little more than 50 dollars per barrel (Brent), about 50% cheaper than in the summer 2014. The oil price hike is a stimulus for the whole world economy, even though the gains of energy users are matched by losses of the suppliers: oil producing countries frequently run high current account surpluses vis-à-vis the rest of the world. It is therefore plausible to assume that, reacting to the redistribution of incomes, the oil user countries will increase their spending by more than what will be lost in spending by producers. Investment activity in the euro area has recently been particularly weak. Remarkably, investment in Greece, Portugal, and Spain, i.e. in countries that had to accept international support during the euro crisis, has strengthened. The setback took place in the so-called core countries, including Germany. Consumption growth was also subdued. Lower oil prices, by increasing real incomes of consumers and lowering production costs for firms, should increase private consumption and, in particular, investment. Moreover, the depreciation of the euro will favour exports. Overall, according to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.3% in 2015 and by 1.6% in 2016. GDP growth is about 0.3 percentage points higher due to the impact of lower oil prices in 2015. However, these forecasts are subject to substantial uncertainty, and we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate during the forecasting horizon. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.3%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.1%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for further monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus. The expansionary cyclical policies should be combined with more structural reforms to enhance the competitiveness of the euro area and its growth potential, which in our forecasts remains quite limited. In fact, we expect potential output to grow by only 0.4% both in 2015 and 2016.
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EFN Report Autumn 2014: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2014 and 2015

, 2014
Abstract
In autumn 2014, world production continues to be expanding at a moderate rate, a bit faster than at the beginning of the year. A strong upswing of the world economy is, however, not in sight: the US upswing continues but is not probable to gain more pace, and the Chinese economy has to cope with severe problems in the financial and the housing sector. Important conditions for a stronger recovery are in place: the fall in financing costs allows euro area governments to conduct fiscal policies that are, on average, clearly less restrictive than in the years before, and nonfinancial firms benefit from a shrinking burden of interest payments. Interest rates for bank credit in the southern economies are now slowly going down. However, the recovery will stay sluggish as long as firms and households lack confidence in the economic policy of important member states. In fact, economic confidence in the euro area declined somewhat during summer in part due to news on the conflict between Russia and the west, although only about 5% of all exports leaving the euro area go to Russia or Ukraine. Production growth in the euro area slowed down to stagnation in the second quarter, mainly due to a decline in Germany related to a weather effect. Demand in the rest of the euro area continued to slowly expand. In this context, we forecast that the euro area economy will expand by 1.3% in 2015, after 0.9% in 2014. For 2014 and 2015, we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate, because employment dynamics will stay weak due to subdued growth and the still rising participation rate in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2014 is 0.5%. In 2015 inflation will also remain subdued, at about 1.1%.
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Kurzfassung: Ostdeutsche Wirtschaft: Kräftige Konjunktur im Jahr 2014, Rückstand gegenüber Westdeutschland verringert sich aber kaum mehr

Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Franziska Exß, Cornelia Lang, Axel Lindner, Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig, Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 4, 2014
Abstract
Die Wirtschaft in Ostdeutschland dürfte im Jahr 2014 recht kräftig (um 1,8%) expandieren. Damit ist der Rückstand zu dem Expansionstempo in Westdeutschland (2%) deutlich geringer als in den Jahren zuvor, obwohl Bevölkerung und Erwerbspersonenpotenzial in Ostdeutschland weiter fallen und im Westen steigen. Die Gründe für die Dynamik im Osten sind konjunkturell: Wichtige Exportmärkte für die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft liegen vor allem im Euroraum und in den mitteleuropäischen Nachbarstaaten, und deshalb profitiert Ostdeutschland von der – wenn auch zumeist sehr verhaltenen – Belebung der Konjunktur in diesen Ländern besonders. Der dämpfende Effekt des Nachfragerückgangs aus Russland im Zusammenhang mit dem russisch-ukrainischen Konflikt ist begrenzt, denn das Land nahm im Jahr 2013 nur 3½% der ostdeutschen Exporte ab. Auch veranlasst die gute Konjunktur die Unternehmen in Deutschland dazu, ihre Lager aufzufüllen. Davon profitiert speziell das ostdeutsche Verarbeitende Gewerbe, denn dort hat die Produktion von Vorleistungsgütern, die bei einem Lageraufbau besonders gefragt sind, ein großes Gewicht.
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