Ganz Westeuropa auf dem Weg in die "Basarökonomie"?
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 8,
2005
Abstract
Im Beitrag wird für ausgewählte westeuropäische Staaten die Entwicklung der exportinduzierten Importe in der zweiten Hälfte der 90er Jahre untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Ausweitung der exportinduzierten Importe ein mit der Globalisierung der Wirtschaftsaktivitäten verbundener Prozeß ist, der alle entwickelten westeuropäischen Volkswirtschaften erfaßt hat. Letztlich hängt die gesamtwirtschaftliche Wirkung von der Relation zwischen den Komponenten der exportinduzierten Importe und dem Saldo aus Gewinnen und Verlusten an außenhandelsinduzierter Wertschöpfung ab. In Deutschland verläuft dieser Prozeß nicht intensiver als in anderen westeuropäischen Ländern. Der eigentliche "Basar"-Anteil am Außenhandel ist in Deutschland in der Tendenz kleiner als in anderen Ländern.
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Non-market Allocation in Transport: A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition
Ulrich Blum
50 Years of Transport Research: Experiences Gained and Major Challenges Ahead,
2005
Abstract
Economic theory knows two systems of coordination: through public choice or through the market principle. If the market is chosen, then it may either be regulated, or it may be fully competitive (or be in between these two extremes). This paper first inquires into the reasons for regulation, it analyses the reasons for the important role of government in the transportation sector, especially in the procurement of infrastructure. Historical reasons are seen as important reasons for bureaucratic objections to deregulation. Fundamental economic concepts are forwarded that suggest market failure and justify a regulatory environment. The reasons for regulation cited above, however, may be challenged; we forward theoretical concepts from industrial organization theory and from institutional economics which suggest that competition is even possible on the level of infrastructure. The transition from a strongly regulated to a competitive environment poses problems that have given lieu to numerous failures in privatization and deregulation. Structural inertia plays an important role, and the incentive-compatible management of infrastructure is seen as the key element of any liberal transportation policy. It requires that the setting of rules on the meta level satisfies both local and global efficiency ends. We conclude that, in market economies, competition and regulation should not be substitutes but complements. General rules, an "ethic of competition" have to be set that guarantee a level playing field to agents; it is complimented by institutions that provide arbitration in case of misconduct.
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Quality of Service, Efficiency, and Scale in Network Industries: An Analysis of European Electricity Distribution
Christian Growitsch, Tooraj Jamasb, Michael Pollitt
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Quality of service is of major economic significance in natural monopoly infrastructure industries and is increasingly addressed in regulatory schemes. However, this important aspect is generally not reflected in efficiency analysis of these industries. In this paper we present an efficiency analysis of electricity distribution networks using a sample of about 500 electricity distribution utilities from seven European countries. We apply the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method on multi-output translog input distance function models to estimate cost and scale efficiency with and without incorporating quality of service. We show that introducing the quality dimension into the analysis affects estimated efficiency significantly. In contrast to previous research, smaller utilities seem to indicate lower technical efficiency when incorporating quality. We also show that incorporating quality of service does not alter scale economy measures. Our results emphasise that quality of service should be an integrated part of efficiency analysis and incentive regulation regimes, as well as in the economic review of market concentration in regulated natural monopolies.
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Eastern Germany in the process of catching-up: the role of foreign and Western German investors in technological renewal
Jutta Günther, Oliver Gebhardt
Eastern European Economics,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment as a means to support system transformation and the ongoing process of catching-up development has caught researcher’s attention for a number of Central and Eastern European countries. Not much research, however, has been carried out for East Germany in this respect although FDI plays an important role in East Germany too. Descriptive analysis by the use of unique survey data shows that foreign and West German affiliates perform much better with respect to technological capability and labor productivity than domestic companies in East Germany. The results of the regression analysis, however, show that it is not the status of ownership as such that forms a significant determinant of innovativeness in East Germany but rather general firms specific characteristics attached to it such as firm size, export-intensity, technical state of the equipment, and R&D activities. Due to the fact that foreign and West German affiliates perform better with respect to exactly all of these characteristics, they can be considered as a means to support the process of technological renewal and economic development.
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Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
No. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
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Are German exports losing their power as driving force of the economy?
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2004
Abstract
Auf den ersten Blick scheinen die Exporte als Impulsgeber für die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion in Deutschland in letzter Zeit dramatisch an Bedeutung verloren zu haben. Während sie bis in die neunziger Jahre hinein nur zu 25% von Einfuhren gespeist wurden, kletterte ihr Importgehalt im Jahr 2000 auf 38%. Entsprechend hätte sich die Antriebskraft im Inland um 13 Prozentpunkte verringert. Der zweite Blick zeigt jedoch, dass dieser Sprung vor allem mit der Wiederausfuhr vorher importierter Güter verbunden ist. Die eigentliche Exportgüterproduktion in Deutschland absorbierte zwar im Jahr 2000 auch relativ mehr importierte Vorleistungsgüter als zuvor. Der direkte und indirekte Importgehalt an Vorleistungsgütern war aber mit 28% deutlich geringer als unter Einbezug der Wiederausfuhr und hat sich in der zweiten Hälfte der neunziger Jahre nur um 6 Prozentpunkte erhöht. Dies spricht zwar auch für ein Sinken der Antriebskraft des Exports, ist aber weniger dramatisch und steht eher im Einklang mit dem allgemeinen Trend der zunehmenden Internationalisierung der nationalen Produktions- und Wertschöpfungsprozesse als mit der Ausbreitung einer „Basarökonomie“ in Deutschland. Während die Importe für die Wiederausfuhr eher keine in Deutschland hergestellten Güter verdrängen, gibt es im Vorleistungsgüterbereich Indizien für die Verlagerung arbeitsintensiver Produktionsabschnitte in das Ausland aufgrund von Kostenvorteilen. Der damit verbundene Entzug an Wertschöpfung und Arbeitsplätzen wird aber in Deutschland bislang überkompensiert durch die kräftigen absoluten Exportzuwächse.
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The Distance Puzzle: On the Interpretation of the Distance Coefficient in Gravity Equations
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, Farid Toubal
Economics Letters,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
Although globalization has diminished the importance of distance, empirical gravity models find little change in distance coefficients. We argue that changing distance costs are largely reflected in the constant term. A proportional fall in distance costs is consistent with constant distance coefficients.
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Exporting Financial Institutions Management via Foreign Direct Investment Mergers and Acquisitions
Allen N. Berger, Claudia M. Buch, G. DeLong
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
We test the relevance of the new trade theory and the traditional theory of comparative advantage for explaining the geographic patterns of international M&As of financial institutions between 1985 and 2000. The data provide statistically significant support for both theories. We also find evidence that the U.S. has idiosyncratic comparative advantages at both exporting and importing financial institutions management.
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Measurement of Contagion in Banks' Equity Prices
Reint E. Gropp, G. Moerman
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
This paper uses the co-incidence of extreme shocks to banks’ risk to examine within-country and across country contagion among large EU banks. Banks’ risk is measured by the first difference of weekly distances to default and abnormal returns. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the paper examines whether the observed frequency of large shocks experienced by two or more banks simultaneously is consistent with the assumption of a multivariate normal or a student t distribution. Further, the paper proposes a simple metric, which is used to identify contagion from one bank to another and identify “systemically important” banks in the EU.
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Technological capability of foreign and West German investors in East Germany
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 189,
2004
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role for countries or regions in the process of economic catching-up since it is assumed – among other things – that FDI brings in new production technology and knowledge. This paper gives an overview about the development of FDI in East Germany based on official data provided by the Federal Bank of Germany. The investigation also includes a comparison of FDI in East Germany to Central East European countries. But the main focus of the paper is an analysis of the technological capability comparing majority foreign and West German owned firms to majority East German owned firms. It shows that foreign and West German subsidiaries in East Germany are indeed characterized by superior technological capability with respect to all indicators looked at (product innovation, research & development, organizational changes etc.).
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