An analysis of household electricity price developments in Germany since liberalization
Christian Growitsch, Felix Müsgens
Externe Publikationen,
2005
Abstract
Despite the liberalization of energy markets in 1998, household electricity prices in 2004 are nearly the same as 1998, indicating a failure of market restructuring. However, such a general consideration is misleading for two main reasons. Firstly, the price development shows significant differences among the stages of the value chain. Secondly, the underlying cost structure might have changed from 1998 to 2004. While such effects can be expected to level out over time, they can distort the comparison of a small period of observation. For these reasons, we analyzed the different price components at a detailed level, finding a considerable price reduction of about 32% in generation and a much lower reduction of 13% in transmission and distribution tariffs. These decreases have been mostly compensated by a significant increase in taxes and subsidies (+56%).
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The Impact of Technology and Regulation on the Geographical Scope of Banking
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse the current state of the European banking sector. We discuss both theoretical contributions and empirical work and highlight open questions along the way. We draw three main lessons from the current theoretical and empirical literature: (i) bank lending to small businesses in Europe may be characterized both by (local) spatial pricing and resilient (regional and/or national) market segmentation; (ii) because of informational asymmetries in the retail market, bank mergers and acquisitions seem the optimal route of entering another market, long before cross-border servicing or direct entry are economically feasible; and (iii) current technological and regulatory developments may, to a large extent, remain impotent in further dismantling the various residual but mutually reinforcing frictions in the retail banking markets in Europe. We conclude the paper by offering pertinent policy recommendations based on these three lessons.
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Technological capability of foreign and West German investors in East Germany
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 189,
2004
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role for countries or regions in the process of economic catching-up since it is assumed – among other things – that FDI brings in new production technology and knowledge. This paper gives an overview about the development of FDI in East Germany based on official data provided by the Federal Bank of Germany. The investigation also includes a comparison of FDI in East Germany to Central East European countries. But the main focus of the paper is an analysis of the technological capability comparing majority foreign and West German owned firms to majority East German owned firms. It shows that foreign and West German subsidiaries in East Germany are indeed characterized by superior technological capability with respect to all indicators looked at (product innovation, research & development, organizational changes etc.).
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The development of R&D intensive industries in East Germany makes progress
Siegfried Beer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2004
Abstract
Für die neuen Bundesländer ist der Ausbau humankapitalintensiver Produktionen von eminent wichtiger Bedeutung. Davon ausgehend, wird in diesem Beitrag das Ergebnis einer Untersuchung dargestellt, wie sich die forschungsintensiven Industrien, auch in den einzelnen Technologieklassen, von 1998 bis 2002 entwickelt haben. Ausgewertet wurde dafür die Produktionsgüterstatistik des Statistischen Bundesamtes. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Produktion der Güter der forschungsintensiven Industrien - mit einem jahresdurchschnittlichen Wachstum von 8,5% - deutlich stärker zugenommen hat als die gesamte Güterproduktion des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes in Ostdeutschland (5,9%). Beigetragen zu dieser Entwicklung hat vor allem das sehr kräftige Produktionswachstum von Gütern der Spitzentechnologie, insbesondere der elektronischen Industrie und des Luft- und Raumfahrzeugbaus - weniger dagegen das der Güter der hochwertigen Technologie. Insgesamt zeugt die Entwicklung von einer verbesserten technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit der Industrie in Ostdeutschland. Im Vergleich zu Westdeutschland ist die Produktion von Gütern der hochwertigen Technologie unterrepräsentiert. Auch nimmt nur eine Gütergruppe der ostdeutschen FuE-intensiven Industrien - dabei handelt es sich um elektronische Bauelemente - eine bedeutende Position in der gesamtdeutschen Produktion ein.
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Evolving Structural Patterns in the Enlarging European Division of Labour: Sectoral and Branch Specialisation and the Potentials for Closing the Productivity Gap
Johannes Stephan
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2003
Abstract
This report summarises the results generated in empirical analysis within a larger EU 5th FP RTD-project on the determinants of productivity gaps between the current EU-15 and accession states in Central East Europe. The focus of research in this part of the project is on sectoral specialisation patterns emerging as a result of intensifying integration between the current EU and a selection of six newly acceding economies, namely Estonia, Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Slovenia. The research-leading question is concerned with the role played by the respective specialisation patterns for (i) the explanation of observed productivity gaps and for (ii) the projection of future potentials of productivity growth in Central East Europe.
For the aggregated level, analysis determines the share of national productivity gaps accountable to acceding countries’ particular sectoral patterns, and their role for aggregate productivity growth: in Poland, the Slovak Republic and Hungary, sectoral shares of national productivity gaps are considerable and might evolve into a ‘barrier’ to productivity catch-up.Moreover, past productivity growth was dominated by a downward adjustment in employment rather than structural change. With the industrial sector of manufacturing having been identified as the main source of national productivity gaps and growth, the subsequent analysis focuses on the role of industrial specialisation patterns and develops an empirical model to project future productivity growth potentials. Each chapter closes with some policy conclusions.
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Opportunities and Risks for Regional Development in Former East German Brown Coal Mining Areas: The Case of the “Geiseltal” Mining Area in Saxony-Anhalt
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2003
Abstract
Die Sanierung ehemaliger Braunkohletagebaustandorte stellt ein wichtiges Teilstück des seit 1990 stattfindenden ökonomischen und ökologischen Umstrukturierungsprozesses in Ostdeutschland dar. Durch den Sanierungsfortschritt werden in jüngerer Zeit vermehrt rekultivierte Flächen für neue Nutzungen wieder verfügbar und bereichern das Entwicklungspotenzial der betreffenden Regionen. Diese neu entstehenden Potenziale werden jedoch nicht automatisch für die Wirtschaftsentwicklung der betreffenden Region wirksam, sondern werden in ihrer Wirkung durch verschiedene Hemmnisse und Risiken gebremst. Im Fall des ehemaligen Tagebaustandorts des Geiseltals im Süden Sachsen-Anhalts zeigen sich solche Hemmnisse in Form einer starken Gebundenheit an die Bergbau- und Industrietradition, in den expandierenden Flächenschutzinteressen von Naturschutzorganisationen und in den nicht anforderungsgerechten Organisationsformen der regionalen politischen Kräfte. Bei Festlegung auf eine tourismusbezogene Entwicklungsstrategie ergeben sich Risiken bezüglich der tatsächlichen Dauer des restlichen Rekultivierungsprozesses und durch konkurrierende Standorte mit ähnlichen Entwicklungszielen.
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New industries in Eastern Germany - The state of the development of modern biotechnologies in Saxony-Anhalt
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2002
Abstract
Ostdeutsche Regionen können ihr Wirtschafts- und Innovationspotential erhöhen, wenn sie sich auf Technologien orientieren, die bedeutsame Wachstumseffekte auslösen. Eine solche Wachstumsbranche ist die moderne Biotechnologie. In diesem Aufsatz werden die Entwicklung und die Standortfaktoren der Biotechnologiebranche in Sachsen-Anhalt analysiert und mit der Bioregion München verglichen, die zu den führenden Bioregion in Deutschland zählt. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Entwicklung der modernen Biotechnologie in ostdeutschen Regionen begünstigt werden kann, wenn die Standortfaktoren verbessert werden.
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Recent Developments and Risks in the Euro Area Banking Sector
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala
ECB Monthly Bulletin,
2002
Abstract
This article provides an overview of euro area banks’ exposure to risk and examines the effects of the cyclical downturn in 2001. It describes the extent to which euro area banks’ risk profile has changed as a result of recent structural developments, such as an increase in investment banking, mergers, securitisation and more sophisticated risk management techniques. The article stresses that the environment in which banks operated in 2001 was fairly complex due to the relatively weak economic performance of all major economies as well as the events of 11 September in the United States. It evaluates the effects of these adverse circumstances on banks’ stability and overall performance. The article provides bank balance sheet information as well as financial market prices, arguing that the latter may be useful when assessing the soundness of the banking sector in a forward-looking manner. It concludes with a review of the overall stability of euro area banks, pointing to robustness in the face of the adverse developments in 2001 and the somewhat improved forward-looking indicators of banks’ financial strength in early 2002.
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Macroeconomic Modelling of the German Economy in the Framework of Euroland
Rüdiger Pohl, Heinz P. Galler
Schriften des IWH,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
An attempt to develop a new macroeconometric model for Germany is confronted with several questions that range from the general rationality of such an approach to specific problems of an appropriate model structure. One important aspect of this discussion is the introduction of the Euro as a common currency of the European monetary union. This institutional change may result in structural breaks due to changing behavior of economic agents. In addition, the definition of the spatial unit that is appropriate for modelling becomes a problem. Additional problems come from the introduction of the European Single Market and the increasing international economic integration not only within the European union but also beyond its borders. And in the case of Germany, the unification of the West and the East demand special attention. Last but not least, the harmonization of national accounting for the member states of the European Union has to be dealt with. Thus, the introduction of the Euro as a common currency is just one problem besides others that must be addressed.
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Rating Agency Actions and the Pricing of Debt and Equity of European Banks: What Can we Infer About Private Sector Monitoring of Bank Soundness?
Reint E. Gropp, A. J. Richards
Economic Notes,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
The recent consultative papers by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has raised the possibility of an explicit role for external rating agencies in the assessment of the credit risk of banks’ assets, including interbank claims. Any judgement on the merits of this proposal calls for an assessment of the information contained in credit ratings and its relationship to other publicly available information on the financial health of banks and borrowers. We assess this issue via an event study of rating change announcements by leading international rating agencies, focusing on rating changes for European banks for which data on bond and equity prices are available. We find little evidence of announcement effects on bond prices, which may reflect the lack of liquidity in bond markets in Europe during much of our sample period. For equity prices, we find strong effects of ratings changes, although some of our results may suffer from contamination by contemporaneous news events. We also test for pre-announcement and post-announcement effects, but find little evidence of either. Overall, our results suggest that ratings agencies may perform a useful role in summarizing and obtaining non-public information on banks and that monitoring of banks’ risk through bond holders appears to be relatively limited in Europe. The relatively weak monitoring by bondholders casts some doubt on the effectiveness of a subordinated debt requirement as a supervisory tool in the European context, at least until bond markets are more developed.
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