Longterm development of return on assets – an empirical panel data analysis
Olaf Neubert
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2006
Abstract
Eine der grundlegenden Aussagen der ökonomischen Theorie ist die Behauptung, daß Wettbewerb keine dauerhaften über- und unterdurchschnittlichen Renditen zuläßt. Wie kann jedoch ein dauerhafter Übergewinn eines Monopolisten von einem Innovationsgewinn unterschieden werden? In welchen Märkten sollte regulierend eingegriffen werden? Das dynamische Wettbewerbskonzept betrachtet im Gegensatz zur statischen Betrachtung explizit den zeitlichen Verlauf von Gewinnen und Renditen. Ein Unternehmer kann durch neue Produkte oder neue Produktionsprozesse einen Vorteil gegenüber seinen Wettbewerbern erzielen. Daraus entstehende Innovationsgewinne dienen wiederum als Anreiz für Imitatoren, sich dieser Entwicklung anzuschließen, was zu einer Verringerung der Übergewinne führt. Übergewinne stehen damit keinesfalls im Widerspruch zu einem funktionierenden Wettbewerb. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht auf Basis von Jahresabschlüssen deutscher Unternehmen die Entwicklung von Gesamtkapitalrenditen im zeitlichen Verlauf. Es soll untersucht werden, ob der von Schumpeter vermutete Anpassungsprozeß, der über- und unterdurchschnittliche Gewinne hin zu einem langfristigen Niveau angleicht, bestätigt werden kann und wie schnell ein derartiger Anpassungsprozeß abläuft. Für die mittleren Branchenrenditen des Produzierenden Gewerbes ist eine Konvergenz hin zu einem langfristigen Niveau festzustellen. Innerhalb dieses Prozesses werden im Mittel 40% der Abweichung vom langfristigen Niveau innerhalb eines Jahres abgeschmolzen. Bei der Betrachtung der Unternehmensrenditen konnten jedoch langfristig Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden. Für Unternehmen war die Anpassungsrate mit 50% im Vergleich zu den Branchenwerten deutlich höher. Bei der Betrachtung des Zusammenhanges zwischen der Anpassungsrate und dem langfristigen Renditeniveau auf Unternehmensebene zeigt sich, daß Unternehmen, die überdurchschnittlich starken Wettbewerbskräften ausgesetzt sind, ein höheres langfristiges Renditeniveau aufweisen als andere. Agieren Unternehmen in Märkten mit einem hohen Wettbewerbsdruck, erzielen sie keineswegs unter-, sondern vielmehr langfristig deutlich überdurchschnittlichen Renditen.
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Forced to Freedom? Empirical Relations between Aid and Economic Freedom
Tobias Knedlik, Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
The paper explores the relationships between economic freedom on the one side and development aid and IMF credit as approximation for conditional aid on the other side. After a short review of current literature on the issue of economic development, economic freedom, aid, and IMF credit, the paper develops a simple panel regression model to evaluate the relationship between “economic freedom” as dependent variable and “aid” and “IMF credit” as independent variables. The estimation is based upon data taken from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators and the Heritage Index of Economic Freedom. In contrast to previous research, our results allow the rejection of the hypothesis that IMF credit increases economic freedom and that aid is not contributing to economic freedom. The estimation results suggest that, firstly, aid is positively correlated with economic freedom, and secondly, that IMF credit is negatively correlated with economic freedom. Taking IMF credit as proxy for conditional aid, we conclude that for the period of observation it could not be shown that countries can be forced to economic freedom by aid conditions.
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The unemployment-growth relationship in transition countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Does the disappointingly high unemployment in Central and East European countries reflect non-completed adjustment to institutional shocks from transition to a market economy, or is it the result of high labour market rigidities, or rather a syndrome of too weak aggregate demand and output? In the case of transitional causes, unemployment is expected to decline over time. Otherwise, it would pose a challenge to the European Union, particular in case of accession countries, for it jeopardizes the ambitious integration plans of, and may trigger excessive migration to the Union. In order to find out which hypothesis holds 15 years after transition has started, we analyze the unemploymentgrowth dynamics in the eight new member countries from Central-Eastern Europe. The study is based on country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS). The results suggest to declare the transition of labour markets as completed; unemployment responds to output and not to a changing institutional environment for job creation. The regression coefficients report a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth since 1998. The conclusion is that labour market rigidities do not to play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. Rather, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress, while the employment relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce substantially the high level of unemployment.
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Panel Seasonal Unit Root Test: Further Simulation Results and An Application to Unemployment Data
Christian Dreger, Hans-Eggert Reimers
AStA - Advances in Statistical Analysis,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
In dieser Arbeit wird der saisonale Einheitswurzeltests von Hylleberg et al. (1990) auf heterogene Panel verallgemeinert. Die Prozedur folgt dem Ansatz von Im, Pesaran and Shin (2002) und wird in der Arbeit von Otero et al. (2004) unabhängig von diesem Beitrag vorgeschlagen. Die abgeleiteten Teststatistiken werden dargestellt und kritische Werte mit Hilfe von Simulationen ermittelt. Die Eigenschaften der Tests werden für verschiedene deterministische und dynamische Spezifikationen untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass für kleine Zeitdimensionen die Güte der Tests auch dann gering ist, wenn die Querschnittsdimension wächst. Bei einer empirischen Analyse erscheint es notwendig, das der Datensatz eine größere Zeitdimension als Querschnittsdimension hat. Das Verfahren wird auf die in Quartalen vorliegenden Arbeitslosenquoten industrialisierter Staaten angewendet. Obwohl in einigen Ländern saisonale Einheitswurzeln gefunden werden, wird die Nullhypothese von saisonalen Einheitswurzeln im Panel abgelehnt. Die Nullhypothese einer Einheitswurzel für die Nullfrequenz wird jedoch im Panel nicht abgelehnt, sodass sich Evidenz für Hysteresiseffekte ergibt.
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Factors accounting for the enactment of a competition law – an empirical analysis
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 6,
2005
Abstract
The paper is concerned with the factors that account for decisions to enact a national competition law. In a first step, the paper updates and enlarges the existing data bases of countries that have enacted a competition law. The paper then identifies and discusses possible factors that influence the decision to enact a competition law. In a third step, the method of panel-data logit analysis is employed to test a set of hypothesis pertaining to the factors across the time dimension and across countries. The results of this analysis are interpreted in terms of significance and in terms of the sign of their influence on the probability of a country to enact. Given generality of the analysis, the results can shed light on the probability of individual countries, and in particular developing countries, to actually take the step of enactment.
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Eastern Germany in the process of catching-up: the role of foreign and Western German investors in technological renewal
Jutta Günther, Oliver Gebhardt
Eastern European Economics,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment as a means to support system transformation and the ongoing process of catching-up development has caught researcher’s attention for a number of Central and Eastern European countries. Not much research, however, has been carried out for East Germany in this respect although FDI plays an important role in East Germany too. Descriptive analysis by the use of unique survey data shows that foreign and West German affiliates perform much better with respect to technological capability and labor productivity than domestic companies in East Germany. The results of the regression analysis, however, show that it is not the status of ownership as such that forms a significant determinant of innovativeness in East Germany but rather general firms specific characteristics attached to it such as firm size, export-intensity, technical state of the equipment, and R&D activities. Due to the fact that foreign and West German affiliates perform better with respect to exactly all of these characteristics, they can be considered as a means to support the process of technological renewal and economic development.
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Panel Seasonal Unit Root Test With An Application for Unemployment Data
Christian Dreger, Hans-Eggert Reimers
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 191,
2004
Abstract
In this paper the seasonal unit root test of Hylleberg et al. (1990) is generalized to cover a heterogenous panel. The procedure follows the work of Im, Pesaran and Shin (2002). Test statistics are proposed and critical values are obtained by simulations. Moreover, the properties of the tests are analyzed for di®erent deterministic and dynamic specications. Evidence is presented that for a small time dimension the power is slow even for increasing cross section dimension. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a higher time dimension than cross section dimension. The new test is applied for unemployment behaviour in
industrialized countries. In some cases seasonal unit roots are detected. However, the null hypotheses of panel seasonal unit roots are rejected. The null hypothesis of a unit root at the zero frequency is not rejected, thereby supporting the presence of hysteresis effects.
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Information or Regulation: What Drives the International Activities of Commercial Banks?
Claudia M. Buch
Journal of Money Credit,
No. 6,
2003
Abstract
Information costs and regulatory barriers distinguish international financial markets from national ones. Using panel data on bilateral assets and liabilities of commercial banks, I empirically determine the impact of information, costs and regulations, and I isolate intra-EU financial linkages. I confirm that information costs and regulations are important factors influencing international asset choices of banks, but their relative importance differs among countries.
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Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches
Johannes Stephan, Karin Szalai
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 183,
2003
Abstract
Industrial productivity levels of formerly socialist economies in Central East Europe (including East Germany) are considerably lower than in the more mature Western economies. This research aims at assessing the reasons for lower productivities at the firm level: what are the firm-specific determinants of productivity gaps. To assess this, we have conducted an extensive field study and focussed on a selection of two important manufacturing industries, namely machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers, and on the construction industry. Using the data generated in field work, we test a set of determinant-candidates which were derived from theory and prior research in that topic. Our analysis uses the simplest version of the matched-pair approach, in which first hypothesis about relevant productivity level-determinants are tested. In a second step, positively tested hypothesis are further assessed in terms of whether they also constitute firm-specific determinants of the apparent gaps between the firms in our Eastern and such in our Western panels. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in all three industrial branches assessed. Amongst manufacturing firms, networking activities and the use of modern technologies for communication are important reasons for the lower levels of labour productivity in the East. The intensity of long-term strategic planning on behalf of the management turned out to be relevant only for machinery manufacturers. Product and process innovations unexpectedly exhibit an ambiguous picture, as did the extent of specialisation on a small number of products in the firms’ portfolio and the intensity of competition.
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The Export Orientation of East German Manufacturing Industry in the Process of Economic Transformation: Evidence from Company Panel Data
Udo Ludwig, Brigitte Loose
Economics of Transformation – Theory, Experiences and EU-Enlargemnet. INFER Annual Conference 2001,
2001
Abstract
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