Is East Germany Catching Up? A Time Series Perspective
Bernd Aumann, Rolf Scheufele
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
This article assesses whether the economy of East Germany is catching up with the West German region in terms of welfare. While the primary measure for convergence and catching up is per capita output, we also look at other macroeconomic indicators such as unemployment rates, wage rates and production levels in the manufacturing sector. In contrast to existing studies of convergence between regions of the reunified Germany, our approach is based purely upon the time series dimension and is thus directly focused on the catching up process in East Germany as a region. Our testing set-up includes standard ADF unit root tests as well as unit root tests that endogenously allow for a break in the deterministic component of the process. We find evidence of catching up for East Germany for most of the indicators. However, the convergence speed is slow, and thus it can be expected that the catching up process will take further decades until the regional gap is closed.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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Industry Concentration and Regional Innovative Performance – Empirical Evidence for Eastern Germany
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz
Post-Communist Economies,
2009
Abstract
Regarding technological innovativeness, the transformed economy of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) clearly lags behind the western part of the country. To face this weakness a broad mixture of policy measures was carried out in recent years. Particular attention is drawn to the development of industry concentrations and economic ‘clusters’. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policy measures regarding how industry concentrations in fact promote innovative performance in Eastern Germany. The present study tries to fill this gap by analysing the relationship between industry concentration in Eastern Germany and regional innovative performance. Our empirical analysis is based upon the number of patent applications of 22 manufacturing industries in 22 Eastern German planning regions. The estimated regression models indicate an inverted-U relationship between the degree of industry concentration and innovative performance. An exceedingly high degree of industry concentration in one region hampers regional innovative output. We discuss policy implications of our findings and give recommendations for future refinement of ‘cluster’-supporting policy schemes in Eastern Germany.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? – A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding –
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 20,
2009
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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Urban Growth in Germany – The Impact of Localization and Urbanization Economies
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz, Annette Illy, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 19,
2009
Abstract
This study examines the impact of localization and urbanization economies as well as the impact of city size on urban growth in German cities from 2003 to 2007. Although, from a theoretical perspective, agglomeration economies are supposed to have positive impacts on regional growth, prior empirical studies do not show consistent results. Especially little is known about agglomeration economies in Germany, where interregional support policy and the characteristics of the federal system are further determinants of urban growth. The results of the econometric analysis show a U-shaped relationship between specialization and urban growth, which particularly holds for manufacturing industries. We do not find evidence for the impact of Jacobs-externalities; however, city size shows a positive (but decreasing) effect on urban growth.
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Is East Germany Catching Up? A Time Series Perspective
Bernd Aumann, Rolf Scheufele
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 14,
2009
Abstract
This paper assesses whether the economy of East Germany is catching up with the
West German region in terms of welfare. While the primary measure for convergence and catching up is per capita output, we also look at other macroeconomic indicators such as unemployment rates, wage rates, and production levels in the manufacturingsector. In contrast to existing studies of convergence between regions of reunified Germany, our approach is purely based upon the time series dimension and is thus directly focused on the catching up process in East Germany as a region. Our testing setup includes standard ADF unit root tests as well as unit root tests that endogenously allow for a break in the deterministic component of the process. In our analysis, we find evidence of catching up for East Germany for most of the indicators. However, convergence speed is slow, and thus it can be expected that the catching up process will take further decades until the regional gap is closed.
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German Economy Drawn into the World Recession
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
1. Sonderausgabe
2009
Abstract
Die Weltwirtschaft befindet sich im Frühjahr 2009 in der tiefsten Rezession seit der Großen Depression. Der Abschwung verschärfte sich im Herbst zu einem regelrechten Einbruch, der rasch nahezu alle Länder der Welt erfasste. Auch umfangreiche staatliche Programme zur Stützung des Finanzsektors und zur Belebung der Konjunktur konnten bislang das Vertrauen der Akteure in die zukünftige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung nicht wieder herstellen.
Eine Abkühlung der Weltkonjunktur hatte sich bereits im Verlauf des Jahres 2007 angedeutet. Zu Beginn des vergangenen Jahres war die konjunkturelle Schwäche noch weitgehend auf die USA beschränkt. Danach setzte auch in den übrigen Industrieländern ein Abschwung ein. Die dramatische Zuspitzung der Situation an den Finanzmärkten im September 2008, die in dem Zusammenbruch der Investmentbank Lehman Brothers kulminierte, löste dann einen schweren Einbruch der Produktion aus, der auch die Schwellenländer erfasste, die sich zuvor noch recht robust gezeigt hatten. Die Stärke des Abschwungs im Winterhalbjahr 2008/2009 erklärt sich so auch daraus, dass die Produktion nahezu überall auf der Welt gleichzeitig auf Talfahrt war. Unter den Industrieländern waren von dieser Entwicklung Japan und Deutschland, deren Wirtschaften eine hohe Exportabhängigkeit aufweisen, besonders stark betroffen.
Deutliche Hinweise auf ein Ende des Einbruchs sind bislang noch nicht erkennbar, auch wenn einige Indikatoren darauf hindeuten, dass Produktion und Nachfrage in den kommenden Monaten langsamer abnehmen werden. Nach Ansicht der Institute wird die Abwärtsbewegung wohl erst im Winterhalbjahr 2009/ 2010 auslaufen. Die sich anschließende konjunkturelle Belebung dürfte zunächst nur wenig Dynamik entfalten. Ein Kernproblem bleibt die anhaltende Verunsicherung an den Finanzmärkten, die vor allem auf Sorgen bezüglich der Solvenz einzelner Banken beruht und den Geldfluss zwischen den Wirtschaftsakteuren spürbar verlangsamt hat. In der Prognose ist unterstellt, dass die Situation an den Finanzmärkten vorerst labil bleibt, es aber nicht zu einer neuerlichen dramatischen Verschärfung der Lage kommt. In wichtigen Ländern kommt eine Depression am Immobilienmarkt hinzu, deren Ende noch nicht absehbar ist und die den Abschreibungsbedarf der Banken erhöht. Erfahrungsgemäß sind Rezessionen, die mit Immobilien- und Bankenkrisen einhergehen, tiefer und vor allem schwerer zu überwinden als Rezessionen, in denen solche Probleme nicht prominent sind.
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Industry Concentration and Regional Innovative Performance – Empirical Evidence for Eastern Germany
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2009
Abstract
Regarding technological innovativeness, the transformed economy of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) clearly lags behind the Western part of the country. To face this weakness, a broad mixture of policy measures was carried out in recent years. Particular attention is drawn to the development of industry concentrations and economic ‘clusters’. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policy measures regarding how industry concentrations in fact promote innovative performance in Eastern Germany. The present study tries to fill this gap by analyzing the relationship between industry concentration in Eastern Germany and regional innovative performance. Our empirical analysis is based upon the number of patent applications of 22 manufacturing industries in 22 Eastern German planning regions. The estimated regression models indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of industry concentration and innovative performance. An exceedingly high degree of industry concentration in one region hampers regional innovative output. We discuss policy implications of our findings and give recommendations for future refinement of ‘cluster’-supporting policy schemes in Eastern Germany.
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German Economy on the Brink of Recession
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
2. Sonderausgabe
2008
Abstract
Im Herbst 2008 befindet sich die Weltwirtschaft im Abschwung. Zu den Abwärtstendenzen haben verschiedene Faktoren beigetragen: der weltweite rohstoffpreisbedingte Inflationsschub, das Auftreten von Korrekturen an den Immobilienmärkten einer zunehmenden Anzahl von Ländern sowie die weltweite Finanzmarktkrise. Deren dramatische Zuspitzung in jüngster Zeit trübt den konjunkturellen Ausblick zusätzlich ein.
In einer Reihe von Industrieländern droht die Wirtschaft in eine Rezession abzugleiten. In den USA deuten viele Indikatoren auf eine sehr schwache konjunkturelle Grundtendenz hin; in Westeuropa sind die Frühindikatoren in den vergangenen Monaten drastisch gefallen, und die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion expandierte nicht mehr; in Japan brach die Nachfrage ein. Einzig in den Schwellenländern wurde die Produktion bis zuletzt noch recht kräftig ausgeweitet, wiewohl das Tempo der Expansion auch dort insgesamt nachgelassen hat.
Die Weltkonjunktur wird noch weiter an Fahrt verlieren, denn die Belastungen insbesondere von Seiten der Finanz- und der Immobilienmärkte sind gegenwärtig beträchtlich. In einigen Ländern, insbesondere dort, wo der Finanz- oder der Bausektor eine große Bedeutung hat, droht eine Rezession. Aber auch in jenen Ländern, in denen die Expansion wesentlich vom Export getragen war, fällt der Abschwung deutlich aus.
Wenn es, wie in dieser Prognose unterstellt, in den nächsten Monaten gelingt, den Bankensektor zu stabilisieren, dürfte sich ab Mitte 2009 die Weltkonjunktur allmählich erholen. Nach und nach können dann einige begünstigende Faktoren zum Tragen kommen. So wird die Inflation in den kommenden Monaten durch die jüngste Preiskorrektur an den internationalen Rohstoffmärkten weltweit gemildert. Da vor allem Preisrückgänge bei Energierohstoffen unmittelbar entlastend wirken, wird die Kaufkraft der Haushalte gestärkt. Begünstigend wirkt auch die vielfach relativ robuste Verfassung der Bilanzen von Unternehmen außerhalb des Finanzsektors. Die Weltwirtschaft wird zudem durch die weiterhin kräftige Nachfrage aus den Schwellenländern gestützt, deren Gewicht in den vergangenen Jahren weiter stark zugenommen hat. Zwar geht auch dort der Produktionsanstieg zurück, doch bleibt der Nachfragezuwachs wohl alles in allem beachtlich.
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Monetary Policy and Financial (In)stability: An Integrated Micro–Macro Approach
Ferre De Graeve, Thomas Kick, Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
Evidence on central banks’ twin objective, monetary and financial stability, is scarce. We suggest an integrated micro–macro approach with two core virtues. First, we measure financial stability directly at the bank level as the probability of distress. Second, we integrate a microeconomic hazard model for bank distress and a standard macroeconomic model. The advantage of this approach is to incorporate micro information, to allow for non-linearities and to permit general feedback effects between financial distress and the real economy. We base the analysis on German bank and macro data between 1995 and 2004. Our results confirm the existence of a trade-off between monetary and financial stability. An unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the probability of distress. This effect disappears when neglecting microeffects and non-linearities, underlining their importance. Distress responses are largest for small cooperative banks, weak distress events, and at times when capitalization is low. An important policy implication is that the separation of financial supervision and monetary policy requires close collaboration among members in the European System of Central Banks and national bank supervisors.
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