The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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The relationship between unemployment and output in post-communist countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
Post-Communist Economies,
2006
Abstract
Unemployment is still disappointingly high in most Central and East European countries, and might be a reflection of the ongoing adjustment to institutional shocks resulting from systemic transition, or it may be caused by high labour market rigidity, or aggregate demand that is too weak. In this paper we have investigated the dynamics of unemployment and output in those eight post-communist countries, which entered the EU in 2004. We used a model related to Okun’s Law; i.e. the first differences in unemployment rates were regressed on GDP growth rates. We estimated country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS) and applied a few tests to the data and regression results. We assume transition of labour markets to be accomplished when a robust relationship exists between unemployment rate changes and GDP growth. Moreover, the estimated coefficients contain information about labour market rigidity and unemployment thresholds of output growth. Our results suggest that the transition of labour markets can be regarded as completed since unemployment responds to output changes and not to a changing institutional environment that destroys jobs in the state sector. The regression coefficients have demonstrated that a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth have been occurring since 1998. Therefore, we conclude that labour market rigidities do not play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. However, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress and the employment-relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce the high level of unemployment substantially.
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EU enlargement to the East: Effects on direct investments and trade
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2004
Abstract
Die EU-Osterweiterung, verstanden als ein längerfristiger Prozess verstärkter Integration der Beitrittsländer in die EU, hat zu einer bereits heute intensiven Verflechtung der beteiligten Volkswirtschaften geführt. Dabei hat sich eine Arbeitsteilung herausgebildet, bei der die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder wegen ihrer Arbeitskostenvorteile von deutschen Unternehmen als Standort für arbeitsintensive Teile der Wertschöpfungskette genutzt werden. Während wenig dafür spricht, dass es künftig zu weiteren massiven Standortverlagerungen deutscher Unternehmen in die Beitrittsländer kommt, ist im Außenhandel eine weitere Intensivierung der Handelsbeziehungen wahrscheinlich.
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Competition Policy in Central East Europe in light of EU Accession
Johannes Stephan
Journal of Common Market Studies,
2004
Abstract
This study reviews the progress made in EU accession candidates on competition policy. The analysis shows that institution-building and legislation are well under way and that anti-trust practice is not too lax. Due to the diversity among the accession countries under review, the study finds that the strictly rule-based frame work of the EU might not be the most favourable solution for some candidates: firstly, the small and open economies of most candidates make it particularly difficult to define the ‘relevant market’ in competition cases. Secondly, the traditionally intense vertical integration of production in accession states calls for a reassessment of ‘vertical restraints’. The policy implications of this study suggest that the EU competition task force should take a proactive, case-by-case approach vis-à-vis its new members.
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Economic development in Central and Eastern Europe on the eve of the EU enlargement to the east
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in der mittel- und osteuropäischen Region hat sich im Jahr 2003 weiter deutlich belebt, wobei - mit Ausnahme der Slowakei - der private Konsum wichtigste Wachstumsstütze war. Im Prognosezeitraum werden positive Impulse vom erwarteten Anziehen der Nachfrage in der EU auf die Exportentwicklung in Mittel- und Osteuropa ausgehen. Die Investitionen werden 2003 und 2004 ausgeweitet werden, insbesondere durch rege private Investitionsaktivitäten im Zusammenhang mit den geplanten EU-Beitritten, aber auch durch öffentlich finanzierte und von der EU geförderte Investitionsprogramme.
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EU Accession Countries’ Specialisation Patterns in Foreign Trade and Domestic Production - What can we infer for catch-up prospects?
Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 184,
2003
Abstract
This paper supplements prior analysis on ‘patterns and prospects’ (Stephan, 2003) in which prospects for the speed of future productivity growth were assessed by looking at the specialisation patterns in domestic production. This analysis adds the foreign trade sphere to the results generated in the prior analysis. The refined results are broadly in line with the results from the original analysis, indicating the robustness of our methods applied in either analysis. The most prominent results pertain to Slovenia and the Slovak Republic. Those two countries appear to be best suited for swift productivity catch-up from the viewpoint of sectoral specialisation. Poland and Estonia exhibit the lowest potentials. Only for the case of Poland would results suggest bleak prospects.
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Evolving Structural Patterns in the Enlarging European Division of Labour: Sectoral and Branch Specialisation and the Potentials for Closing the Productivity Gap
Johannes Stephan
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2003
Abstract
This report summarises the results generated in empirical analysis within a larger EU 5th FP RTD-project on the determinants of productivity gaps between the current EU-15 and accession states in Central East Europe. The focus of research in this part of the project is on sectoral specialisation patterns emerging as a result of intensifying integration between the current EU and a selection of six newly acceding economies, namely Estonia, Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Slovenia. The research-leading question is concerned with the role played by the respective specialisation patterns for (i) the explanation of observed productivity gaps and for (ii) the projection of future potentials of productivity growth in Central East Europe.
For the aggregated level, analysis determines the share of national productivity gaps accountable to acceding countries’ particular sectoral patterns, and their role for aggregate productivity growth: in Poland, the Slovak Republic and Hungary, sectoral shares of national productivity gaps are considerable and might evolve into a ‘barrier’ to productivity catch-up.Moreover, past productivity growth was dominated by a downward adjustment in employment rather than structural change. With the industrial sector of manufacturing having been identified as the main source of national productivity gaps and growth, the subsequent analysis focuses on the role of industrial specialisation patterns and develops an empirical model to project future productivity growth potentials. Each chapter closes with some policy conclusions.
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Merger Control and Competition Policy in Central East Europe in view
Johannes Stephan
ICFAI Journal of International Business Law,
2003
Abstract
Im Zuge der Beitrittsverfahren sind die EU Kandidatenländer gezwungen, das institutionelle Regelwerk der Union (den acquis communautaire) voll- ständig zu übernehmen. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Regelwerk, das in ausgereiften Marktwirtschaften gewachsen ist. Es stellt sich somit die Frage nach seiner Kompatibilität für die noch recht jungen Marktwirtschaften in Mittel- und Osteruropa mit ihrem deutlich niedrigeren Entwicklungsniveau. Potentielle Konfliktpunkte könnten insbesondere bei der Ausgestaltung und Durchsetzung der Wettbewerbspolitik erwartet werden: Viele (ehemalige) Staatsunternehmen im Restrukturierungsprozess sind bisher nicht wett- bewerbsfähig, staatliche Beihilfen und eine laxere Kontrolle von Marktmacht könnten Wettbewerbsverzerrungen im gemeinsamen europäischen Markt hervorrufen. Tatsächlich zeigt sich aber, dass die Kandidatenländer nicht nur bereits das vollständige diesbezügliche Regelwerk implementiert haben, auch zeigt die Analyse der behandelten Fälle, dass die Durchsetzung der Wettbewerbspolitik dort den strengen Vorgaben der EU entspricht: Der pragmatische Weg Ungarns greift lediglich dort in den Markt ein, wo regionale und soziale Ungleichgewichte zu korrigieren sind, Polen hält streng die vorgegebenen Regeln zur Verhinderung monopolistischer Marktmacht ein und hat fiskalische Kontrollmechanismen seiner staatlichen Beihilfepolitik installiert. Insgesamt scheinen die Kandidatenländer die Wettbewerbspolitik des europäischen Binnenmarktes also durchaus zu verkraften. Als problematisch erwies sich aber vor allem die Definition des relevanten Marktes für die besonders offenen Volkswirtschaften in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Eine mögliche Handlungsempfehlung bestünde in einer weniger regelgebundenen Behandlung der Wettbewerbspolitik, die proaktiv Fall für Fall gesondert betrachtet. Dieses Argument wird insofern weiter unterstützt, als sich die institutionelle Kooperation zwischen der EU Kommission und den Kandidatenländern erst im Aufbau befindet, die neuen Mitglieder sich also am unteren Ende der institutionellen Lernkurve befinden.
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Vertical and horizontal patterns of intra-industry trade between EU and candidate countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2003
Abstract
Trade between the European Union (EU) and the Transition Economies (TE) is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals predominantly vertical structures with decisively more quality advantages for the EU and less quality advantages for TE countries whenever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in a EU-TE framework lags behind theoretical and empirical research on horizontal and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is therefore to contribute to the ongoing debate on EU-TE trade structures by offering an explanation of vertical trade. We utilise a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences, country size and income distribution play a leading role. We find first that relative differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intraindustry trade when trade is vertical and completely liberalised, and second that crosscountry differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that EU firms have been able to increase their product quality and to shift low-quality segments to TE countries. This may suggest a product-quality cycle prevalent in EU-TE trade.
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Empirical methods for analysising the risks of financial crises
Axel Brüggemann, Thomas Linne
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2003
Abstract
he vulnerability against financial crises of EU candidate countries and other Central and East European countries is on the agenda of the Institute for Economic Research Halle. Research concentrates on the developing of effective early warning indicators and includes a strong orientation on quantitative methods. This volume presents selected methods for the analyse of financial fragility. The finding complete the signals approach, which is used by the IWH for routine checks of the risk potential of EU candidate an other countries of the region. The four studies presented here were written by the scientific staff of the IWH and by guest researchers. Their objective is to deepen insights into selected problems of financial fragility by using alternative methods.
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