What are the Long-Term Benefits of the Economic Stimulus Package II for German Local Governments? – The Case of Saxony
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht, ob von den im Rahmen des Konjunkturpakets II geförderten Investitionen neben den kurzfristigen Nachfrageeffekten auch langfristige Auswirkungen z. B. auf das lokale Wirtschaftswachstum zu erwarten sind. Was die kurzfristigen Auswirkungen betrifft, so zeigte sich am Beispiel Sachsens mit relativ geringfügiger zeitlicher Verzögerung ein Anstieg der kommunalen Investitionen. Das Time-Lag-Problem staatlicher Ausgabenprogramme scheint sich dort in Grenzen zu halten. Erhebliche Preissteigerungen für Bauleistungen zeichnen sich bisher ebenfalls noch nicht ab. Mit Bezug auf die langfristigen Wirkungen der geförderten Maßnahmen ist aus Sicht z. B. der Neuen Wachstumstheorie Skepsis angebracht, da selbst bei typischen öffentlichen Vorleistungsgütern die Entzugseffekte der Finanzierung gegen die Produktivitätssteigerung im privaten Unternehmenssektor abzuwägen sind. Hinzu kommen generell die Faktorpreiseffekte von Investitionszuweisungen, die einen übermäßigen Einsatz von physischem Kapital in der öffentlichen Produktion begünstigen. Diese skeptische Haltung der Theorie wird für Sachsen dadurch bestärkt, dass vor allem kommunale Konsumgüter (Sport- und Freizeitanlagen) oder nicht unmittelbar wirtschaftsnahe Bildungseinrichtungen
(Kindergärten, Grundschulen) gefördert werden. Investitionen etwa in Einrichtungen der beruflichen Bildung, Forschung und Entwicklung oder unternehmensrelevante Infrastrukturarten spielen entweder auf kommunaler Ebene keine nennenswerte Rolle oder sind explizit von der Förderung ausgeschlossen. Insbesondere aufgrund der Anreize zur Fehllenkung von öffentlichen Ressourcen wird empfohlen, künftige Förderprogramme eher als zweckungebundene Transferleistungen auszugestalten, die die Kommunen dann nach eigenem Ermessen für „Investitionen“ in Humankapital (Personaleinstellungen
oder Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen) oder in Realkapital verwenden können.
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Specialization, Diversity, Competition and their Impact on Local Economic Growth in Germany
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Annette Illy, Michael Schwartz, Christoph Hornych
Abstract
This study systematically examines the impact of fundamental elements of urban economic structure on urban growth in Germany from 2003 to 2007. We test four elements simultaneously, that is sectoral specialization, diversification of economic activities, urban size as well as the impact of local competition. To account for the effect of varying spatial delimitations in the analysis of urban growth, we further differentiate between cities and planning regions as geographical units. The analysis covers manufacturing industries as well as service sectors. Most previous work produces inconsistent results and concentrates on localization economies and/or diversification, while urban size and the effect of local competition are widely ignored. Our regression results show a U-shaped relationship between localization economies and urban growth and positive effects of local competition on urban growth. With respect to diversification, we find positive effects on urban growth on the city-level, but insignificant results on the level of the planning regions. The impact of urban size also differs between free cities and planning regions; in the former a U-shaped relationship is found whereas the effect is inversely U-shaped for the latter.
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Characteristics of Business Cycles: Have they Changed?
Oliver Holtemöller, J. Rahn, M. H. Stierle
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2009
Abstract
The most recent economic downturn has shown that economic activity nowadays is still prone to large fluctuations. Despite a long tradition of research, the understanding of such fluctuations, namely business cycles, is still far from comprehensive. Moreover, in a developing world with new technologies, faster communication systems, a higher integration of world markets and increasingly better-skilled people the nature of business cycles changes continuously and new insights can be drawn from recent experience.
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Market Concentration and Innovation in Transnational Corporations: Evidence from Foreign Affiliates in Central and Eastern Europe
Liviu Voinea, Johannes Stephan
Research on Knowledge, Innovation and Internationalization (Progress in International Business Research, Volume 4),
2009
Abstract
Purpose – The main research question of this contribution is whether local market concentration influences R&D and innovation activities of foreign affiliates of transnational companies.
Methodology/approach – We focus on transition economies and use discriminant function analysis to investigate differences in the innovation activity of foreign affiliates operating in concentrated markets, compared to firms operating in nonconcentrated markets. The database consists of the results of a questionnaire administered to a representative sample of foreign affiliates in a selection of five transition economies.
Findings – We find that foreign affiliates in more concentrated markets, when compared to foreign affiliates in less concentrated markets, export more to their own foreign investor's network, do more basic and applied research, use more of the existing technology already incorporated in the products of their own foreign investor's network, do less process innovation, and acquire less knowledge from abroad.
Research limitations/implications – The results may be specific to transition economies only.
Practical implications – The main implications of these results are that host country market concentration stimulates intranetwork knowledge diffusion (with a risk of transfer pricing), while more intense competition stimulates knowledge creation (at least as far as process innovation is concerned) and knowledge absorption from outside the affiliates' own network. Policy makers should focus their support policies on companies in more competitive sectors, as they are more likely to transfer new technologies.
Originality/value – It contributes to the literature on the relationship between market concentration and innovation, based on a unique survey database of foreign affiliates of transnational corporations operating in Eastern Europe.
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New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa – Institutional and Local Perspectives. African Development Perspectives Yearbook, Vol. 14
Tobias Knedlik, Karl Wohlmuth, Philippe Burger, Achim Gutowski, Mareike Meyn, T. (eds) Urban, Afeikhena Jerome
,
2009
Abstract
The Volume XIV analyses the “New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa“. Institutional issues and perspectives in designing new growth and poverty alleviation strategies are considered in various case studies (Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Botswana and Tanzania). Other studies deal with institutional problems of resource-rich countries after conflict (Sudan) and with the institutions to enhance environmental protection parallel to economic growth and poverty reduction (Niger). Further studies deal with institutions to bridge the gap between formal and informal entrepreneurial sectors in Kenya and Tanzania. Local issues and perspectives for designing new growth and poverty alleviation strategies are considered in case studies on rural-urban development gaps in Tanzania and on microfinance as an instrument for new growth and poverty alleviation strategies (Tanzania and Eritrea). A study on small farmers in Ghana provides information on the role they can play in value chains. Two studies on Nigeria highlight the local and the sub-regional health and poverty alleviation programmes and the relation to growth. Book reviews and book notes on the theme are part of the volume. This volume builds the foundation for a comprehensive strategy of policy reforms in Africa so as to integrate new growth and poverty alleviation strategies. Complementary to Volume XIV is Volume XIII on “New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa - Interational and Regional Perspectives“. Both volumes are of importance for all those who work in African countries as officials, executives, managers, researchers, and policy-makers, but also for all those who actively support Africa's development concerns at the international, regional, country, local, and project levels. They will experience this Volume XIV and also the complementary Volume XIII as indispensable sources of insight, reference, and inspiration.
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The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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A Lesson Learned? Pre- and Post-Crisis Entry Decisions in Turkish Banking
H. Evren Damar
Contemporary Economic Policy,
No. 1,
2009
Abstract
This study looks at the determinants of entry by Turkish banks into local markets during the periods before and after the crisis of 2000–2001. Motivated by a theoretical model of entry, results of fixed-effects logit regressions suggest that there has been a change in the geographical diversification strategies of Turkish banks. It appears that the dominance of strategic concerns, such as competing with banks of similar size, has diminished, while economic concerns, such as incumbent characteristics and cost considerations, have become more important. Overall, the postcrisis restructuring policies seem to have led to improved decision making in the sector.
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Is There a Way for Old Industrial Districts to Become Attractive for Cultural Industry? The Case of Media Businesses in Halle (Saale), Germany
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Christoph Hornych
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 15,
2008
Abstract
manufacturing have collapsed are trying to stimulate entrepreneurial activities of businesses in the cultural industry. The question is whether this strategy could be successful. This article examines the strategy of supporting the sector of Media Industry (´MI´) by policy makers in the region of Halle in East Germany, where a strong de-industrialization has taken place after the German reunification. Stimulated by the policy makers’ support measures, there actually was a remarkable development of MI. However, the number of MI firms and their employees did not further increase in recent years, after having reached a certain level. This illustrates the limits of political measures for turning a city’s path of industrial development voluntarily.
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Financial Crisis Burdens Economic Activity in Poland
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2008
Abstract
Die weltweite Finanzmarktkrise hat auch die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder erfasst, und zwar sowohl ihre Finanz- und Bankensysteme als auch die realwirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Die einzelnen Länder sind allerdings in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß betroffen. In Polen zeigten sich Auswirkungen auf die Stabilität des Finanzsystems und die aktuelle Wirtschaftslage erst in der zweiten Jahreshälfte deutlicher. In der ersten Jahreshälfte verlief die Binnennachfrage kaum schwächer als im Vorjahr: Neben den Unternehmensinvestitionen, die im zweistelligen Bereich expandierten, legte auch der private Konsum weiter kräftig zu, denn trotz höherer Inflation sind die Realeinkommen der privaten Haushalte aufgrund deutlicher Lohnsteigerungen und einer Rentenanpassung gestiegen. Zwar schwächte sich die Nachfrage aus dem Ausland, vor allem aus den Ländern der alten EU, schon im Frühjahr ab, der Außenhandel insgesamt hat sich aber kaum vermindert, da der Handel mit den asiatischen und osteuropäischen Ländern weiterhin sehr dynamisch verlief. Im dritten Quartal machten sich die Auswirkungen der international verunsicherten Finanzmärkte auf das Finanzsystem in Polen dann erstmals in Form von stärkeren Wechselkursschwankungenbemerkbar, die sich nach einer kurzzeitigen Beruhigung im vierten Quartal verstärkten. Der Złoty verlor binnen weniger Tage stark an Wert, und auchdie Aktienkurse der größten polnischen Unternehmen gerieten unter Druck. Die Verschlechterung der Stabilität des Finanzsystems hat in Polen – wie auch weltweit – zu einer Verschärfung der Kreditkonditionen und einer allgemeinen Verunsicherung der Wirtschaftsakteure geführt, deren längerfristige Folgen auf die Wirtschaft noch nicht absehbar sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist insgesamt von einer weiteren Abschwächung der wirtschaftlichen Expansion in diesem und dem nächsten Jahr auszugehen.
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