Interactive Dynamic Capabilities and Regenerating the East German Innovation System
N. von Tunzelmann, Jutta Günther, Katja Wilde, Björn Jindra
Contributions to Political Economy,
2010
Abstract
The paper sets out a specification of capabilities and competencies derived from Sen’s work on consumer capabilities and welfare economics. This approach is one that proves remarkably easy to generalise, first to producer and supplier capabilities, and thence to interactive and dynamic capabilities. The approach is then applied via the consequential perspectives of regional systems of innovation and network alignment to the case of the efforts to regenerate the innovation system in East Germany since reunification. It is seen that this process can be divided into three periods, of which the most recent appears to meet some of the theoretical requirements for effective interactive capabilities. It is less clear that the criteria for dynamic capabilities—which involve considerations of speed-up and flexibility, to meet the market requirements in real time—have yet been taken sufficiently seriously.
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20 Jahre nach dem Mauerfall: Transformation und Erneuerung des ostdeutschen Innovationssystems
Jutta Günther, Nicole Nulsch, Dana Urban-Thielicke, Katja Wilde
Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem Nr. 16-2010,
2010
Abstract
Die Studie skizziert den Prozess der Entstehung des ostdeutschen Innovationssystems seit 1990 und bezieht in die Untersuchung auch den historischen Kontext mit ein, in dem die Struktur und die Philosophie des Forschungs- und Innovationssystems der DDR erläutert werden. Nach dem Systemumbruch wurden in den frühen 1990er Jahren durch die Privatisierung und die Transformation der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen für das heutige System wesentliche Weichen gestellt. Dabei war die Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung seit Beginn der Transformation ein wichtiger „Wegbereiter“ des ostdeutschen Innovationssystems. Aus heutiger Sicht lassen sich insbesondere drei Phasen der Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung unterscheiden: In der ersten Phase wurden noch im Jahr 1990 die „Maßnahmen der ersten Stunde“ verabschiedet, die darauf abzielten, dem massiven Rückgang der Industrieforschung in Ostdeutschland entgegen zu wirken. In der zweiten Phase (ab Mitte bzw. Ende der 1990er Jahre) erhielt die Projektförderung ein stärkeres Gewicht. Dabei gewann der Gedanke der Kooperations- bzw. der Verbundförderung zunehmend an Bedeutung. In der dritten Phase (seit ca. 2003 bis heute) ist ein weiteres Instrument der Innovationspolitik, die Netzwerkförderung, in den Vordergrund getreten. Sie stellt heute neben der Einzel- und Verbundprojektförderung einen festen Bestandteil der Förderlandschaft dar. Der lange Weg zur originären Innovationstätigkeit nach einem kompletten Systembruch lässt sich jedoch allein durch die Bereitstellung von mehr Mitteln für FuE nicht bewältigen. Die heutigen transformationsbedingten Strukturschwächen der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft lassen sich nur durch gänzlich neue Technologien überwinden. Ein neuer Technologiezyklus wird in der Lage sein, neue Industriezweige hervorzubringen. Dies zu unterstützen ist die zukünftige Aufgabe der Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung.
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Die wirtschaftliche Transformation in den neuen Ländern: Mehr als eine rein ökonomische Aufgabe
Ulrich Blum
Die Politische Meinung,
2009
Abstract
Viel zu häufig wird das Auferstehen aus den Ruinen des Sozialismus allein unter wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten bewertet. Dabei ist wirtschaftlicher Erfolg an eine Reihe kultureller Voraussetzungen geknüpft. Dieser Beitrag analysiert daher die gegenwärtige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in den Neuen Ländern auch vor dem Hintergrund vorökonomischer Prägungen der DDR. Es zeigt sich, dass ebenso wie eine spezifische Mischung aus protestantischer Arbeitsethik und Statussuchen, welches sehr eigene „Lebenswelten“ erzeugte, vor allem die seit der Spaltung Deutschlands sehr unterschiedlichen Gesellschaftssysteme, insbesondere auch das Zerstören der mittelständischen Eigentums- und Unternehmensbasis, von besonderer Bedeutung auf der ostdeutschen Seite sind. Auf westdeutscher Seite ist das verlorengegangene Interesse an der Einheit als Problem zu sehen, das eigene System zu erklären. Damit ist es möglich, das inzwischen Erreichte im kritischen Kontext darzustellen.
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The relationship between unemployment and output in post-communist countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
Post-Communist Economies,
2006
Abstract
Unemployment is still disappointingly high in most Central and East European countries, and might be a reflection of the ongoing adjustment to institutional shocks resulting from systemic transition, or it may be caused by high labour market rigidity, or aggregate demand that is too weak. In this paper we have investigated the dynamics of unemployment and output in those eight post-communist countries, which entered the EU in 2004. We used a model related to Okun’s Law; i.e. the first differences in unemployment rates were regressed on GDP growth rates. We estimated country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS) and applied a few tests to the data and regression results. We assume transition of labour markets to be accomplished when a robust relationship exists between unemployment rate changes and GDP growth. Moreover, the estimated coefficients contain information about labour market rigidity and unemployment thresholds of output growth. Our results suggest that the transition of labour markets can be regarded as completed since unemployment responds to output changes and not to a changing institutional environment that destroys jobs in the state sector. The regression coefficients have demonstrated that a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth have been occurring since 1998. Therefore, we conclude that labour market rigidities do not play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. However, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress and the employment-relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce the high level of unemployment substantially.
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Buchbesprechung - Werner Meske (Hrsg.), From System Trans-formation to European Integration. Science and Technology in Central and Eastern Europe at the Beginnung of the 21st Century. Lit Verlag: Münster 2004
Jutta Günther
Science and Public Policy, Vol. 32, Nr. 4,
2005
Abstract
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Non-market Allocation in Transport: A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition
Ulrich Blum
50 Years of Transport Research: Experiences Gained and Major Challenges Ahead,
2005
Abstract
Economic theory knows two systems of coordination: through public choice or through the market principle. If the market is chosen, then it may either be regulated, or it may be fully competitive (or be in between these two extremes). This paper first inquires into the reasons for regulation, it analyses the reasons for the important role of government in the transportation sector, especially in the procurement of infrastructure. Historical reasons are seen as important reasons for bureaucratic objections to deregulation. Fundamental economic concepts are forwarded that suggest market failure and justify a regulatory environment. The reasons for regulation cited above, however, may be challenged; we forward theoretical concepts from industrial organization theory and from institutional economics which suggest that competition is even possible on the level of infrastructure. The transition from a strongly regulated to a competitive environment poses problems that have given lieu to numerous failures in privatization and deregulation. Structural inertia plays an important role, and the incentive-compatible management of infrastructure is seen as the key element of any liberal transportation policy. It requires that the setting of rules on the meta level satisfies both local and global efficiency ends. We conclude that, in market economies, competition and regulation should not be substitutes but complements. General rules, an "ethic of competition" have to be set that guarantee a level playing field to agents; it is complimented by institutions that provide arbitration in case of misconduct.
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Structural Change and Economic Dynamics in Transition Economies
Albrecht Kauffmann
Structural Change and Exchange Rate Dynamics: The Economics of EU Eastern Enlargement,
2005
Abstract
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Investment, Financial Markets, New Economy Dynamics and Growth in Transition Countries
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens
Economic Opening Up and Growth in Russia: Finance, Trade, Market Institutions, and Energy,
2004
Abstract
The transition to a market economy in the former CMEA area is more than a decade old and one can clearly distinguish a group of relatively fast growing countries — including Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia — and a majority of slowly growing economies, including Russia and the Ukraine. Initial problems of transition were natural in the sense that systemic transition to a market economy has effectively destroyed part of the existing capital stock that was no longer profitable under the new relative prices imported from world markets; and there was a transitory inflationary push as low state-administered prices were replaced by higher market equilibrium prices. Indeed, systemic transformation in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have brought serious transitory inflation problems and a massive transition recession; negative growth rates have continued over many years in some countries, including Russia and the Ukraine, where output growth was negative throughout the 1990s (except for Russia, which recorded slight growth in 1997). For political and economic reasons the economic performance of Russia is of particular relevance for the success of the overall transition process. If Russia would face stagnation and instability, this would undermine political and economic stability in the whole of Europe and prospects for integrating Russia into the world economy.
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Korean unification and banking system - An analysis in view of German experiences and Korean differences
Ralf Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 139,
2001
Abstract
One of the reforms that have to be launched in a future unification process in Korea, which seems possible after the political negotiations last year, is the transformation of the North Korean banking system. The question arises whether Korea could profit from the German experience where banking transformation was one of the rather few success stories in unification. In 1990 the East German banking transformation was achieved relatively fast and uncomplicated due to considerable direct investments of the West German banks compounded with state guarantees for bad loans resulting from the credit business with existing GDR-corporations. Unfortunately, South Korea currently lacks some major prerequesites that contributed to the German banking unification, among them – and probably the most important one – is the lack of a sound and efficient banking
system that could become active in the North. Consequently, depending on the circumstances of a future Korean unification either a more gradual process is recommended or, if inner-Korean migration requires a more dynamic transition, considerable investment by foreign banks and assistance from international organisations is recommended.
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Pension Reform in Hungary
Peter Gedeon
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2000
Abstract
In Hungary social policy reforms in general and the pension reform in particular followed the introduction of the institutions of market economy with a considerable time lag, if at all. Although it was clear from the outset that the communist welfare state could not be sustained, comprehensive institutional reforms in the pension or health care systems were not introduced in the first six years of the postsocialist transition. This uneasiness to reform the social security systems has to do with the contradicting constraints decision makers have to face in the process of systemic change.
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