Will There Be a Shortage of Skilled Labor? An East German Perspective to 2015
Herbert S. Buscher, Eva Dettmann, Marco Sunder, Dirk Trocka
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 13,
2009
Abstract
We analyze the supply and demand of skilled labor in an East German federal state, Thuringia. This state has been facing high unemployment in the course of economic transformation and experiences population ageing and shrinking more rapidly than most West European regions. In a first step, we use extrapolation techniques to forecast labor supply and demand for the period 2009-2015, disaggregated by type of qualification. The analysis does not corroborate the notion of an imminent skilled-labor shortage but provides hints for a tightening labor market for skilled workers. In the second step, we ask firms about their appraisal of future recruitment conditions, and both current and planned strategies in the context of personnel management. The majority of firms plan to expand further education efforts and hire older workers. The study closes with policy recommendations to prevent occupational mismatch.
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Lending Technology, Bank Organization and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena, Günseli Tümer-Alkan
Journal of Financial Transformation,
2009
Abstract
This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical studies investigating how both bank technology and organization shape bank-borrower interactions. We refer to two related concepts for bank technology. First, the technologies banks employ in loan granting decisions and second, the advances in information technology linked to the bank's lending technology. We also summarize and interpret the theoretical and empirical work on bank organization and its influence on lending technologies. We show that the choice of lending technology and bank organization depend heavily on the availability of information, the technological progress in the collection of information, as well as the banking market structure and the legal environment. We draw important policy conclusions from the literature. Competition authorities and supervisors have to remain alert to the consequences of the introduction of any new technology because: (1) advances in technology do not necessarily lead to more intense banking competition, and (2) the impact of technological and financial innovation on financial efficiency and stability depends on the incentives of the entire „loan production chain.‟
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Low Skill but High Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2665,
2009
Abstract
Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.
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Is the European Monetary Union an Endogenous Currency Area? The Example of the Labor Markets
Herbert S. Buscher, Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
Our study tries to find out whether wage dynamics between Euro member countries became more synchronized through the adoption of the common currency. We calculate bivarate correlation coefficients of wage and wage cost dynamics and run a model of endogenously induced changes of coefficients, which are explained by other variables being also endogenous: trade intensity, sectoral specialization, financial integration. We used a panel data structure to allow for cross-section weights for country-pair observations. We use instrumental variable regressions in order to disentangle exogenous from endogenous influences. We applied these techniques to real and nominal wage dynamics and to dynamics of unit labor costs. We found evidence for persistent asymmetries in nominal wage formation despite a single currency and monetary policy, responsible for diverging unit labor costs and for emerging trade imbalances among the EMU member countries.
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Entwicklung des Fachkräftebedarfs in Thüringen – Fortschreibung Jahr 2008
Herbert S. Buscher, Eva Reinowski, Christian Schmeißer, Marco Sunder, Dirk Trocka
Thüringer Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Technologie und Arbeit,
2009
Abstract
Im Rahmen einer vom Thüringer Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Technologie und Arbeit in Auftrag gegebenen Studie analysiert das IWH die Situation am Arbeitsmarkt für Fachkräfte in Thüringen. Dabei wird die Entwicklung des Fachkräftebedarfs in den einzelnen Berufsgruppen bis ins Jahr 2015 prognostiziert. Demnach werden im betrachteten Zeitraum rund 80 000 Fachkräfte benötigt, um altersbedingt aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheidende Beschäftigte zu ersetzen bzw. einen durch den Strukturwandel bedingten zusätzlichen Bedarf zu decken. Zur Deckung dieser Nachfrage steht ein ausreichend großes Potenzial an Arbeitskräften zur Verfügung, das bisher allerdings nur teilweise erschlossen wurde. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Deckung der zu erwartenden Nachfrage abgeleitet. Des Weiteren beinhaltet die Studie Auswertungen einer im Sommer 2008 vom IWH durchgeführten Befragung von Personalverantwortlichen in rund 1 000 thüringischen Unternehmen zur bisherigen und künftigen Personalpolitik. Schwerpunkte bilden dabei Fragen nach den Strategien der Unternehmen zur Deckung ihrer Fachkräftebedarfe sowie Einschätzungen der Personalverantwortlichen zu möglichen Handlungsoptionen in der Bildungs-, Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspolitik.
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Temporary Work in Germany and Europe
C. Boost, Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2009
Abstract
Die Zeitarbeitsbranche ist eine der schnellstwachsenden Branchen in Deutschland. Diese Entwicklung beeinflusst den gesamten deutschen Arbeitsmarkt nachhaltig. Die besondere Ausgestaltung dieser Beschäftigungsform macht sie sowohl für Arbeitgeber als auch für Arbeitnehmer aus verschiedenen Gründen attraktiv. Trotz allem genießt die Branche nicht durchgängig einen guten Ruf. Die Beschäftigungsform zählt zu den prekären, unsicheren Arbeitsverhältnissen und gilt im Vergleich zu regulären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen vielfach als Brückenfunktion in eine reguläre Beschäftigung.
Auf Basis der Arbeitnehmerüberlassungsstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit sowie des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels 2007 werden Stand und Ausprägung wichtiger Merkmale der Zeitarbeit dargestellt und regional sowie international verglichen.
Noch machen die Beschäftigten der Zeitarbeit nur einen marginalen Anteil an allen Erwerbstätigen aus. Die zukünftige Entwicklung der Branche hängt von unterschiedlichen Faktoren ab und könnte in gegensätzliche Richtungen gehen. Der Flexibilisierungsgrad des klassischen Arbeitsmarkts sowie die Anpassung der Zeitarbeitsbranche an den Beschäftigungsmarkt beeinflussen die Zukunft der Zeitarbeit. Andere europäische Länder zeigen bereits heute einerseits Sättigungsgrenzen und andererseits mögliche Ausbreitungsspektren.
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Growth, Volatility, and Credit Market Imperfections: Evidence from German Firms
Claudia M. Buch, Jörg Döpke
Journal of Economic Studies,
2008
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it studies whether output volatility and growth are linked at the firm-level, using data for German firms. Second, it explores whether the link between volatility and growth depends on the degree of credit market imperfections.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a novel firm-level dataset provided by the Deutsche Bundesbank, the so-called Financial Statements Data Pool. The dataset has time series observations for German firms for the period 1997-2004, and the authors use information on the debt-to-assets or leverage ratio of firms to proxy for credit-constraints at the firm-level. As additional proxies for the importance of credit market imperfections, we use information on the size and on the legal status of firms.
Findings – The authors find that higher volatility has a negative impact on growth for small and a positive impact for larger firms. Higher leverage is associated with higher growth. At the same time, there is heterogeneity in the determinants of growth across firms from different sectors and across firms with a different legal status.
Practical implications – While most traditional macroeconomic models assume that growth and volatility are uncorrelated, a number of microeconomic models suggest that the two may be linked. However, it is unclear whether the link is positive or negative. The paper presents additional evidence regarding this question. Moreover, understanding whether credit market conditions affect the link between volatility and growth is of importance for policy makers since it suggests a channel through which the credit market can have long-run welfare implications. The results stress the importance of firm-level heterogeneity for the effects and effectiveness of economic policy measures.
Originality/value – The paper has two main novel features. First, it uses a novel firm-level dataset to analyze the determinants of firm-level growth. Second, it analyzes the growth-volatility nexus using firm-level data. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper, which addresses the link between volatility, growth, and credit market imperfections using firm-level data.
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East German Labour Market
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2008
Abstract
Im Verlauf des Jahres 2008 hat sich die Situation auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt nochmals verbessert. Die registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit nahm deutlich ab. Dies ist zum einen auf die positive Ent-wicklung der Beschäftigungssituation zurückzuführen. Zum anderen verringerte sich – wie in den vergangenen Jahren – das Arbeitsangebot. Die Unterbeschäftigungsquote ist aber nach wie vor etwa doppelt so hoch wie in Westdeutschland. Im Jahr 2009 wird sich die Lage auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt infolge des schwachen Produktionswachstums kaum noch bessern.
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Globalisation and the Competitiveness of the Euro Area
Filippo di Mauro, Katrin Forster
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
No. 97,
2008
Abstract
Against the background of increasing competition and other significant structural changes implied by globalisation, maintaining and enhancing competitiveness has evolved into one of the prime concerns in most countries. Following up on previous work (see in particular ECB Occasional Papers No. 30 and No. 55), this Occasional Paper examines the latest developments and prospects for the competitiveness and trade performance of the euro area and the euro area countries. Starting from an analysis of most commonly used, traditional competitiveness indicators, the paper largely confirms the findings of previous studies that there have been substantial adjustments in euro area trade. Euro area firms have taken advantage of the new opportunities offered by globalisation, and have at the same time been increasingly challenged by emerging economies. This is primarily reflected in the loss of export market shares which have been recorded over the last decade. While these can partly be related to the losses in the euro area's price competitiveness, further adjustment also seems warranted with regard to the export specialisation. Compared with other advanced competitors, the euro area remains relatively more specialised in labour intensive categories of goods and has shown only a few signs of a stronger specialisation in research-intensive goods. Nevertheless, the paper generally calls for a more cautious approach when assessing the prospects for euro area competitiveness, as globalisation has made it increasingly difficult to define and measure competitiveness. Stressing the need to take a broader view on competitiveness, specifically with a stronger emphasis on productivity performance, the paper also introduces a more elaborate framework that takes into account the interactions between country-specific factors and firm-level productivity. It thus makes it possible to construct more broadly defined competitiveness measures. Pointing to four key factors determining the global competitiveness of euro area countries - market accessibility, market size, technological leadership of firms and institutional set-up - the analysis provides further arguments for continuing efforts to increase market integration and strengthen the competitive environment within Europe as a mean of enhancing resource allocation and coping with the challenges globalisation creates.
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