University Cities: Including Universities and Research Institutes into Strategies for Urban Growth
Peter Franz
International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development,
2011
Abstract
The topic of this special issue refers to the observation that many larger and middle-sized cities dispose of a considerable potential of institutions creating and disseminating knowledge. This kind of endowment seems to be especially valuable in an upcoming knowledge-based economy. Recent strategic concepts and inter-city competitions referring to ‘knowledge-based urban development’, ‘knowledge city’, ‘creative city’, ‘science city’ or ‘entrepreneurial university’ indicate that urban planners and politicians are beginning to search for strategies to take advantage and to make use of this potential. The papers in this special issue a) present case studies of cities trying to activate their knowledge resources for local economic growth, b) deal with regulatory barriers and problems for cities applying ‘knowledge city’ strategies, c) analyze the university support for entrepreneurial activities, and d) discuss some implications of ‘knowledge city’ strategies for architecture and urban planning.
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New IMF Lending Facilities and Financial Stability in Emerging Markets
J. John, Tobias Knedlik
Economic Analysis and Policy,
No. 2,
2011
Abstract
In the light of the current global financial and economic crisis, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has undertaken some major reforms of its lending facilities. The new Flexible Credit Line and the High Access Precautionary Arrangements differ from what has been in place so far, by allowing for ex ante conditionality. This paper summarizes preconditions for effective last resort lending and evaluates the newly introduced measures, concluding that the Flexible Credit Line comes very close to what has been called an International Lender of Last Resort. The main obstacles are the low demand and slow progress in complementary reforms.
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Effects of Local Public Investment into Infrastructure for Tourism: The Example of Saxony
Albrecht Kauffmann
Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft,
No. 1,
2011
Abstract
Nach 1990 erfolgten in allen Neuen Ländern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland massive Investitionen in die touristische Infrastruktur. Dabei wurden sowohl das Ziel der Erhaltung bzw. Wiedererlangung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit traditioneller Tourismusgebiete als auch die Unterstützung eines dienstleistungsorientierten Strukturwandels in de-industrialisierten Regionen verfolgt. Ein Großteil dieser Investitionen wurde aus Mitteln des Programms der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe zur Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur, insbesondere der kommunalen wirtschaftsnahen Infrastruktur (GA-Infra) gefördert. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Wirkung derart geförderter Investitionen in die touristische Infrastruktur auf die Beschäftigung im Gastgewerbe in Sachsen auf der Ebene der Kommunen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass für bestimmte Investitionsarten für den Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2007 tatsächlich eine positive Korrelation mit der Entwicklung im Gastgewerbe bestand. Diese ist jedoch an bestimmte Voraussetzungen gebunden, z. B. das Vorhandensein komplementärer Faktoren und einer bereits bestehenden touristischen Tradition.
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Entrepreneurial Opportunity and the Formation of Photovoltaic Clusters in Eastern Germany
Matthias Brachert, Christoph Hornych
R. Wüstenhagen, R. Wuebker (Hrsg.), Handbook of Research on Energy Entrepreneurship,
2011
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain the evolution of the spatial structures of one particular type of renewable energy in Germany – the photovoltaic (PV) industry. We first demonstrate how environmental movements have contributed to institutional change and government action, leading to changes in the legal and regulative structure in Germany. We describe how these changes opened up a window of locational opportunity (WLO), thus combining the WLO concept with the entrepreneurial opportunity concept. As market entries occurred mainly in Eastern Germany, the paper also explores the factors leading to a concentration of economic activity related to the new PV industry in this part of the country. Based on the WLO concept, we combine this framework with the industrial dynamics literature by Klepper (2007) and illustrate the spatial evolution of the PV industry.
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Africa and the Global Financial Crisis - Impact on Economic Reform Processes
R. Adelou Alabi, J. Alemazung, Achim Gutowski, Robert Kappel, Tobias Knedlik, O. Osnachi Uzor, Karl Wohlmuth, Hans H. Bass
African Development Perspectives Yearbook, Vol. 15,
2011
Abstract
In volume XV of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook, the Research Group on African Development Perspectives investigates the impact of the GFC on economic reform processes in Africa. The analysis is structured in such a way so as to reflect the opportunities and dangers of policy reversals in the face of the GFC. The impact of the crisis on different types and forms of governance in the region is considered. The first question is therefore which macro-economic policy instruments have to be applied in order to overcome the crisis and to continue with sustainable development. The second question is how the GFC has affected Africa's external economic relations and if the path of opening up to the world markets is continued. The third question raised is how the crisis has affected social cohesion, impacted on poverty alleviation strategies and the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). All these questions are discussed in the various contributions which comprise general studies and country case studies. The authors also looked into the role of international financial institutions during and after the crisis. The volume XV of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook is structured into three Units. Unit 1 addresses general issues regarding the impact of the GFC on reform processes in Africa. Unit 2 presents case studies from countries and sub-regions. Unit 3 presents reviews and book notes of current literature focusing on issues of African development perspectives.
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Incubating an Illusion? Long-term Incubator Firm Performance after Graduation
Michael Schwartz
Growth and Change,
No. 4,
2011
Abstract
Local economic development policies worldwide perceive business incubation as an effective measure to promote regional growth through the support of young and innovative ventures. The common assumption is that incubation promotes firm growth, in particular after these firms graduated from their incubator organizations. This article investigates the long-term performance of 324 graduate firms from five German business incubators (incubated between 1990 and 2006) after they have (successfully) completed their incubation. The present study does not suffer from a survivor bias, meaning that performance data of non-surviving firms is also included. Using employment and sales measures as performance indicators, this study contributes to our knowledge with regard to long-term incubator firm performance after graduation. While in the first years after graduation there is significant growth of formerly incubated firms, further results do not support the presumption of continuous firm growth beyond incubation. A minority of graduate firms exhibits a strong increase in performance, but the majority of firms do not experience considerable growth.
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Bericht über den IWH/INFER-Workshop on Applied Economics and Economic Policy
Katja Drechsel, Makram El-Shagi
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2011
Abstract
Am 14. und 15. Februar 2011 fand am IWH erstmalig in Zusammenarbeit mit dem International Network for Economic Research (INFER) der Workshop „Applied Economics and Economic Policy“ statt. Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler europäischer Universitäten und internationaler Organisationen stellten einem breiten Publikum neueste Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen ökonomischen Fragen und Problemen vor. Der Workshop richtete sich neben einem wissenschaftlichen Publikum vor allem auch an Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter internationaler Organisationen, wie beispielsweise der Europäischen Kommission und der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB), sowie der verschiedenen Ministerien, wie z. B. der Wirtschaftsministerien. Ziel der Veranstaltung war es somit, nicht nur aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse vorzustellen, sondern auch mit Vertretern aus Wissenschaft und Praxis über aktuelle Wirtschaftspolitik und über das Spezialthema „The Empirics of Imbalances and Disequilibria“
zu diskutieren. Mit Lorenzo Bini Smaghi, Mitglied des Direktoriums der EZB, und Martin Hallet aus der Generaldirektion Wirtschaft und Finanzen der Europäischen Kommission konnten zwei hochrangige Vertreter aus den politischen Institutionen als Keynote-Speaker gewonnen werden.
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What Drives FDI in Central-eastern Europe? Evidence from the IWH-FDI-Micro Database
Andrea Gauselmann, Mark Knell, Johannes Stephan
Post-Communist Economies,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
The focus of this paper is on the match between strategic motives of foreign investments into Central-Eastern Europe and locational advantages offered by these countries. Our analysis makes use of the IWH-FDI-Micro Database, a unique dataset that contains information from 2009 about the determinants of locational factors, technological activity of the subsidiaries, and the potentials for knowledge spillovers in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. The analysis suggests that investors in these countries are mainly interested in low (unit) labour costs coupled with a well-trained and educated workforce and an expanding market with the high growth rates in the purchasing power of potential buyers. It also suggests that the financial crisis reduced the attractiveness of the region as a source for localised knowledge and technology. There appears to be a match between investors’ expectations and the quantitative supply of unqualified labour, not however for the supply of medium qualified workers. But the analysis suggests that it is not technology-seeking investments that are particularly content with the capabilities of their host economies in terms of technological cooperation. Finally, technological cooperation within the local host economy is assessed more favourably with domestic firms than with local scientific institutions – an important message for domestic economic policy.
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