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EFN Report Spring 2016: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2016 and 2017

EFN Reports, No. 2, 2016
Abstract
Global growth will stay rather moderate this year. The peak of the upswing in the US appears to be over. For Japan, after three years of “Abenomics”, a prolonged upswing is still elusive. In China low profitability and high debt levels of many government-owned industrial firms continue to drag growth down. The low prices for commodities heighten uncertainty and volatility on financial markets since they increase the risks of financial crises in economies that are dependent on commodity exports. In the euro area, chances for the recovery to continue are good, as this year, like in 2015, oil prices will probably be markedly lower than they were a year ago, supporting real income of private households and lowering production costs of firms. In this context, our forecast is that euro area GDP will expand by 1.6% in 2016 and by 1.7% in 2017. These rates are higher than the rate of potential growth, but they are arguably low given the expansive monetary policy and the strong stimulus from decreased commodity prices. We do not expect an increase in euro area inflation during 2016, but prices will grow by around 1% in 2017, because the dampening effects of decreasing energy prices slowly fade off and the euro remains rather weak. However, risks for this cautiously optimistic forecast are substantial. New shadows on the financial sector, the uncertainty about whether or not the British will vote in favour of membership in the European Union and the lack of a viable political solution for the refugee crisis are some of the main uncertainties behind these forecasts.
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Transition to Clean Technology

Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, Douglas Hanley, William R. Kerr
Journal of Political Economy, No. 1, 2016
Abstract
We develop an endogenous growth model in which clean and dirty technologies compete in production. Research can be directed to either technology. If dirty technologies are more advanced, the transition to clean technology can be difficult. Carbon taxes and research subsidies may encourage production and innovation in clean technologies, though the transition will typically be slow. We estimate the model using microdata from the US energy sector. We then characterize the optimal policy path that heavily relies on both subsidies and taxes. Finally, we evaluate various alternative policies. Relying only on carbon taxes or delaying intervention has significant welfare costs.
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EFN Report Winter 2015/16: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2016 and 2017

EFN Reports, No. 1, 2016
Abstract
At present, growth in manufacturing and investment activity are weak, particularly in China but, to a lesser extent, in advanced economies as well. World activity in many service sectors, however, proves resilient. Worldwide demand is primarily backed by low interest rates and low prices for energy and commodities. However, the latter also cause serious risks for the stability of economies that are dependent on commodity export revenues. Since the sovereign debt crisis began to recede during 2013, fiscal policies have become ever less restrictive in most member states of the currency union. In 2016, fiscal policy in the euro area will even become a bit expansive. However, we expect only a moderate acceleration of the recovery in the euro area, because foreign demand will not expand by much due to the weakness of emerging market economies, and internal demand will still be dragged down by high debt levels of firms and households in many member countries. In particular, according to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.8% in 2016 and 2017, and this will be accompanied by a decline in the unemployment rate below 10%. Our inflation forecast for 2016 is 1.1%. For 2017, we expect inflation to increase up to 1.5% as during next year the dampening effects of decreasing energy prices will slowly fade off.
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Green Technologies as Industrial Policy Concept? The South of Saxony-Anhalt as a Case Example

Jörg Döpke, Philip Maschke, C. Altmann, D. Bieräugel
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, No. 1, 2015
Abstract
Die bundespolitische Maßnahme der Energiewende und das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) als Teil davon haben in Sachsen-Anhalt Hoffnungen ausgelöst, die insbesondere mit der Förderung grüner Technologien in Verbindung standen. Das vorliegende Papier stellt eine Analyse der Wirkungen von Subventionen im Allgemeinen dar und widmet sich dem EEG und seiner Auswirkungen im Speziellen. Dazu werden auch Ergebnisse einer Befragung herangezogen, welche die Industrie- und Handelskammer (IHK) Halle-Dessau bei Unternehmen im südlichen Sachsen-Anhalt durchgeführt hat.
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EFN Report Winter 2014/15: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, No. 1, 2015
Abstract
At the beginning of the year 2015 crude oil is, with little more than 50 dollars per barrel (Brent), about 50% cheaper than in the summer 2014. The oil price hike is a stimulus for the whole world economy, even though the gains of energy users are matched by losses of the suppliers: oil producing countries frequently run high current account surpluses vis-à-vis the rest of the world. It is therefore plausible to assume that, reacting to the redistribution of incomes, the oil user countries will increase their spending by more than what will be lost in spending by producers. Investment activity in the euro area has recently been particularly weak. Remarkably, investment in Greece, Portugal, and Spain, i.e. in countries that had to accept international support during the euro crisis, has strengthened. The setback took place in the so-called core countries, including Germany. Consumption growth was also subdued. Lower oil prices, by increasing real incomes of consumers and lowering production costs for firms, should increase private consumption and, in particular, investment. Moreover, the depreciation of the euro will favour exports. Overall, according to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.3% in 2015 and by 1.6% in 2016. GDP growth is about 0.3 percentage points higher due to the impact of lower oil prices in 2015. However, these forecasts are subject to substantial uncertainty, and we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate during the forecasting horizon. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.3%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.1%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for further monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus. The expansionary cyclical policies should be combined with more structural reforms to enhance the competitiveness of the euro area and its growth potential, which in our forecasts remains quite limited. In fact, we expect potential output to grow by only 0.4% both in 2015 and 2016.
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Ceremonial Encapsulation and the Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology in Germany

Iciar Dominguez Lacasa
Journal of Economic Issues, No. 4, 2014
Abstract
This inquiry employs ideas advanced by institutionalist thinker Paul Dale Bush to shed light on technology diffusion in Germany’s electrical generation and distribution industry. Research findings suggest that what Bush labeled as ceremonial dominance affects outcomes in technology selection. Evidence suggests that fossil fuel and nuclear technologies have remained favored by power producers despite the externalized environmental costs to society associated with their implementations. Advances in government policy have indeed created a framework that favorably accommodates renewable energy technologies. However, what Bush labeled ceremonial dominance is shown to persist and to contribute to ceremonial encapsulation. Consequently, renewable energy technologies have diffused only to the point that the powers behind the industry remain in dominant positions. Although there is measurable, incremental technological change in the electrical power industry, in light of the urgency of climate change problems, technologies supporting the electrical power system need to be selected more judiciously.
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EFN Report Summer 2014: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2014 and 2015

, 2014
Abstract
World growth disappointed at the beginning of the year, when in the US extremely cold weather caused production to contract, the recovery in the euro area stumbled and the slowdown of the Chinese economy continued. At present, however, confidence indicators and order books point to a moderate pickup of growth in most regions. Prices on markets for energy, real and financial assets have reacted little to recent bad news about rising geopolitical risks in the Middle East and Eastern Europe up to now. A sudden increase of risk aversion or a change of believes among investors could trigger a swift deterioration of financial conditions for the world economy. In the euro area, strong stimuli from abroad are not to be expected and private households continue to keep their real spending about constant. Investment has been expanding since summer 2013, but at a very moderate rate. In this context, our forecast for GDP growth is 1.1% in 2014 and 1.6% in 2015. For 2014 and 2015, we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate, because employment dynamics will stay weak due to subdued growth and the still rising participation rate in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2014 is 0.6%. In 2015 inflation will also remain subdued, at about 1.0%. In this context of very low price dynamics, monetary policy keeps the recovery alive: official interest rates around zero and the search for yields on financial markets have depressed yields for government bonds; the fall in financing costs allows euro area governments to conduct fiscal policies that are much less restrictive than in the years before, with tax cuts in Italy, France, and Spain starting this year. Nonfinancial firms benefit from a shrinking burden of interest payments, and the availability of bank loans for small and medium enterprises has improved since 2012 in most countries.
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Regulation, Innovation and Technology Diffusion - Evidence from Building Energy Efficiency Standards in Germany

Makram El-Shagi, Claus Michelsen, Sebastian Rosenschon
Discussionpapers des DIW Berlin, No. 1371, 2014
Abstract
The impact of environmental regulation on technology diffusion and innovations is studied using a unique data set of German residential buildings. We analyze how energy efficiency regulations, in terms of minimum standards, affects energy-use in newly constructed buildings and how it induces innovation in the residential-building industry. The data used consists of a large sample of German apartment houses built between 1950 and 2005. Based on this information, we determine their real energy requirements from energy performance certificates and energy billing information. We develop a new measure for regulation intensity and apply a panel-error-correction regression model to energy requirements of low and high quality housing. Our findings suggest that regulation significantly impacts technology adoption in low quality housing. This, in turn, induces improvements in the high quality segment where innovators respond to market signals.
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Die Halbwertszeit von Superstars ist kurz – nicht nur in der Unterhaltungsbranche!

Oliver Holtemöller
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 1, 2014
Abstract
Jüngst fand eine wissenschaftliche Studie mit dem Titel „From Sick Man of Europe to Economic Superstar: Germany’s Resurgent Economy“ große Aufmerksamkeit in den Medien. Tatsächlich ist die ökonomische Entwicklung in Deutschland gegenwärtig „super“: Das Produktionspotenzial ist normal ausgelastet, die Inflationsrate ist niedrig, und die Erwerbstätigkeit befindet sich auf einem Rekordhoch. Ein Superstar zu sein, muss allerdings nicht von Dauer sein. Jene aus dem Fernsehen sind meist nach kurzer Zeit vergessen. Ähnlich könnte es auch mit der ökonomischen Lage in Deutschland sein. Wenn sich Unternehmen und Politik nicht laufend den neuen Herausforderungen stellen, kann der Superstar schnell wieder abstürzen.
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Aktuelle Trends: ista-IWH-Energieeffizienzindex 2012: Weiter auf dem Pfad der Einsparung!

Claus Michelsen, Sebastian Rosenschon, Michael Barkholz
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 5, 2013
Abstract
Der ista-IWH-Energieeffizienzindex zeigt für die aktuelle Abrechnungsperiode 2012, dass sich die Gesamtentwicklung des sinkenden Heizenergieverbrauchs in Mehrfamilienhäusern weiter verstetigt hat. Die durchschnittliche Veränderung zwischen 2010 und 2012 liegt bei rund −0,8% pro Jahr. Der für das Jahr 2011 festgestellte leichte Anstieg des Energieverbrauchs hat sich damit erwartungsgemäß nicht als wirkliche Trendwende erwiesen. Die Einsparung der letzten beiden Jahre fällt allerdings geringer aus als der längerfristige Trend von ca. −1,8% im Jahresdurchschnitt seit 2005.
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