Labor Demand During the Crisis: What Happened in Germany?
Claudia M. Buch
IZA. Discussion Paper No. 6074,
2011
Abstract
In Germany, the employment response to the post-2007 crisis has been muted compared to other industrialized countries. Despite a large drop in output, employment has hardly changed. In this paper, we analyze the determinants of German firms’ labor demand during the crisis using a firm-level panel dataset. Our analysis proceeds in two steps. First, we estimate a dynamic labor demand function for the years 2000-2009 accounting for the degree of working time flexibility and the presence of works councils. Second, on the basis of these
estimates, we use the difference between predicted and actual employment as a measure of labor hoarding as the dependent variable in a cross-sectional regression for 2009. Apart from total labor hoarding, we also look at the determinants of subsidized labor hoarding through short-time work. The structural characteristics of firms using these channels of adjustment differ. Product market competition has a negative impact on total labor hoarding but a positive effect on the use of short-time work. Firm covered by collective agreements hoard less labor overall; firms without financial frictions use short-time work less intensively.
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New IMF Lending Facilities and Financial Stability in Emerging Markets
J. John, Tobias Knedlik
Economic Analysis and Policy,
No. 2,
2011
Abstract
In the light of the current global financial and economic crisis, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has undertaken some major reforms of its lending facilities. The new Flexible Credit Line and the High Access Precautionary Arrangements differ from what has been in place so far, by allowing for ex ante conditionality. This paper summarizes preconditions for effective last resort lending and evaluates the newly introduced measures, concluding that the Flexible Credit Line comes very close to what has been called an International Lender of Last Resort. The main obstacles are the low demand and slow progress in complementary reforms.
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Central and Eastern European Countries in the Global Financial Crisis: A Typical Twin Crisis?
Diemo Dietrich, Tobias Knedlik, Axel Lindner
Post-Communist Economies,
No. 4,
2011
Abstract
This paper shows that during the Great Recession, banking and currency crises occurred simultaneously in Central and Eastern Europe. Events, however, differed widely from what happened during the Asian crisis that usually serves as the model case for the concept of twin crises. We look at three elements that help explaining the nature of events in Central and Eastern Europe: the problem of currency mismatches, the relation between currency and banking crises, and the importance of multinational banks for financial stability. It is shown that theoretical considerations concerning internal capital markets of multinational banks help understand what happened on capital markets and in the financial sector of the region. We discuss opposing effects of multinational banking on financial stability and find that institutional differences are the key to understand differing effects of the global financial crisis. In particular, we argue that it matters if international activities are organized by subsidiaries or by cross-border financial services, how large the share of foreign currency-denominated credit is and whether the exchange rate is fixed or flexible. Based on these three criteria we give an explanation why the pattern of the crisis in the Baltic States differed markedly from that in Poland and the Czech Republic, the two largest countries of the region.
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The Extreme Risk Problem for Monetary Policies of the Euro-Candidates
Hubert Gabrisch, Lucjan T. Orlowski
Abstract
We argue that monetary policies in euro-candidate countries should also aim at mitigating excessive instability of the key target and instrument variables of monetary policy during turbulent market periods. Our empirical tests show a significant degree of leptokurtosis, thus prevalence of tail-risks, in the conditional volatility series of such variables in the euro-candidate countries. Their central banks will be well-advised to use both standard and unorthodox (discretionary) tools of monetary policy to mitigate such extreme risks while steering their economies out of the crisis and through the euroconvergence process. Such policies provide flexibility that is not embedded in the Taylor-type instrument rules, or in the Maastricht convergence criteria.
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Interactive Dynamic Capabilities and Regenerating the East German Innovation System
N. von Tunzelmann, Jutta Günther, Katja Wilde, Björn Jindra
Contributions to Political Economy,
2010
Abstract
The paper sets out a specification of capabilities and competencies derived from Sen’s work on consumer capabilities and welfare economics. This approach is one that proves remarkably easy to generalise, first to producer and supplier capabilities, and thence to interactive and dynamic capabilities. The approach is then applied via the consequential perspectives of regional systems of innovation and network alignment to the case of the efforts to regenerate the innovation system in East Germany since reunification. It is seen that this process can be divided into three periods, of which the most recent appears to meet some of the theoretical requirements for effective interactive capabilities. It is less clear that the criteria for dynamic capabilities—which involve considerations of speed-up and flexibility, to meet the market requirements in real time—have yet been taken sufficiently seriously.
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Transmission of Nominal Exchange Rate Changes to Export Prices and Trade Flows and Implications for Exchange Rate Policy
Mathias Hoffmann, Oliver Holtemöller
Scandinavian Journal of Economics,
2010
Abstract
We discuss how the welfare ranking of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes in a New Open Economy Macroeconomics model depends on the interplay between the degree of exchange rate pass-through and the elasticity of substitution between home and foreign goods. We identify combinations of these two parameters for which flexible and fixed exchange rates are superior with respect to welfare as measured by a representative household's utility level. We estimate the two parameters for six non-EMU European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, and the UK) using a heterogeneous dynamic panel approach.
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Reform of IMF Lending Facilities Increases Stability in Emerging Market Economies
J. John, Tobias Knedlik
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Im Zuge der aktuellen Finanz- und Konjunkturkrise gewann der Internationale Währungsfonds (IWF) stark an Bedeutung. Dies zeigte sich vor allem in der erheblichen Ausweitung der verfügbaren Mittel des Fonds. Im Zuge der Krise wurden auch die Kreditlinien des IWF überarbeitet. Zwei neue Instrumente sind dabei von besonderem Interesse, die Flexible Credit Line (FCL) und die High
Access Precautionary Arrangements (HAPA). Nachdem bereits früher mit präventiven Kreditlinien experimentiert wurde, ist die FCL das erste Kreditinstrument mit vorgelagertem Qualifikationsprozess, das auch auf Nachfrage stieß. Dabei ersetzt die Ex-ante-Qualifikation die bisher bei allen IWF-Krediten übliche Ex-post-Konditionalität. Dies bedeutet, dass qualifizierte Länder im Falle einer Krise direkt auf die IWFMittel zurückgreifen können. Ein langwieriger Verhandlungsprozess ist damit ebenso obsolet wie die häufig kritisierten begleitenden Reformprogramme. Damit erfüllt der IWF nunmehr wesentliche Voraussetzungen für eine präventive Kreditvergabe. Auch die befürchtete Stigmatisierung der Länder, die Interesse an den neuen Krediten zeigten, blieb
bislang aus. Die Indikatoren für Polen, Mexiko und Kolumbien, also jener Länder, die bisher FCLVereinbarungen geschlossen haben, sind positiv. Die neuen Instrumente dürften deshalb die Stabilität in Schwellenländern erhöhen.
Kritisch zu betrachten bleibt jedoch die Gefahr erhöhter Risikobereitschaft durch die Finanzmarktakteure, solange die Kreditinstrumente nicht von einem effektiven regulatorischen Rahmen begleitet werden. Die systemische Bedeutung der neuen
Kreditinstrumente wird zudem durch die bislang geringe Nachfrage geschmälert.
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24.03.2010 • 17/2010
Präventive Kreditlinie des IWF erhöht die Stabilität in Schwellenländern
Im Zuge der aktuellen Finanz- und Konjunkturkrise hat der Internationale Währungsfonds (IWF) stark an Bedeutung gewonnen; seine verfügbaren Mittel wurden erheblich ausgeweitet. Auch die Kreditinstrumente des IWF wurden überarbeitet. Eine Studie des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) befasst sich mit der neuen Flexible Credit Line (FCL), einer präventiven Kreditlinie, die qualifizierten Ländern für den Krisenfall vorab Kredit zur Verfügung stellt. Polen, Mexiko und Kolumbien haben als erste Länder FCL-Vereinbarungen mit dem IWF abgeschlossen. Die Finanzmärkte reagierten positiv.
Jari John
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Technology Clubs, R&D and Growth Patterns: Evidence from EU Manufacturing
Claire Economidou, J. W. B. Bos, Michael Koetter
European Economic Review,
No. 1,
2010
Abstract
This paper investigates the forces driving output change in a panel of EU manufacturing industries. A flexible modeling strategy is adopted that accounts for: (i) inefficient use of resources and (ii) differences in the production technology across industries. With our model we are able to identify technical, efficiency, and input growth for endogenously determined technology clubs. Technology club membership is modeled as a function of R&D intensity. This framework allows us to explore the components of output growth in each club, technology spillovers and catch-up issues across industries and countries.
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Do All Countries Grow Alike?
Claire Economidou, J. W. B. Bos, Michael Koetter, James W. Kolari
Journal of Development Economics,
No. 1,
2010
Abstract
This paper investigates the driving forces of output change in 77 countries during the period 1970–2000. A flexible modeling strategy is adopted that accounts for (i) the inefficient use of resources, and (ii) different production technologies across countries. The proposed model can identify technical, efficiency, and input change for each of three endogenously determined regimes. Membership in these regimes is estimated, rather than determined ex ante. This framework enables explorations into the determinants of output growth and convergence issues in each regime.
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