Energy Markets and Global Economic Conditions
Christiane Baumeister, Dimitris Korobilis, Thomas K. Lee
Review of Economics and Statistics,
No. 4,
2022
Abstract
We evaluate alternative indicators of global economic activity and other market funda-mentals in terms of their usefulness for forecasting real oil prices and global petroleum consumption. World industrial production is one of the most useful indicators. However, by combining measures from several different sources we can do even better. Our analysis results in a new index of global economic conditions and measures for assessing future energy demand and oil price pressures. We illustrate their usefulness for quantifying the main factors behind the severe contraction of the global economy and the price risks faced by shale oil producers in early 2020.
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21.06.2022 • 14/2022
War drives up energy prices ‒ High inflation weighs on economy
While the lifting of nationwide coronavirus regulations boosts many service sectors such as the hospitality industry, supply bottlenecks are likely to weigh on the manufacturing sector throughout the summer and high inflation will dampen private consumption. Gross domestic product (GDP) in Germany is expected to decline slightly in the second quarter of 2022. The situation in the manufacturing sector is expected to ease towards the end of the year. The Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) forecasts that GDP will increase by 1.5% in 2022, following an increase by 2.9% in 2021. In East Germany, GDP will increase by 1%.
Oliver Holtemöller
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The Economics of Firm Productivity
Carlo Altomonte, Filippo di Mauro
Cambridge University Press,
April
2022
Abstract
Productivity varies widely between industries and countries, but even more so across individual firms within the same sectors. The challenge for governments is to strike the right balance between policies designed to increase overall productivity and policies designed to promote the reallocation of resources towards firms that could use them more effectively. The aim of this book is to provide the empirical evidence necessary in order to strike this policy balance. The authors do so by using a micro-aggregated dataset for 20 EU economies produced by CompNet, the Competitiveness Research Network, established some 10 years ago among major European institutions and a number of EU productivity boards, National Central Banks, National Statistical institutes, as well as academic Institutions. They call for pan-EU initiatives involving statistical offices and scholars to achieve a truly complete EU market for firm-level information on which to build solidly founded economic policies.
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Von der Pandemie zur Energiekrise – Wirtschaft und Politik im Dauerstress
Dienstleistungsauftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz,
No. 1,
2022
Abstract
Die deutsche Wirtschaft steuert durch schwieriges Fahrwasser. Die Auftriebskräfte durch den Wegfall der Pandemiebeschränkungen, die Nachwehen der Corona-Krise und die Schockwellen durch den Krieg in der Ukraine sorgen für gegenläufige konjunkturelle Strömungen. Allen Einflüssen gemeinsam ist ihre preistreibende Wirkung. Im zurückliegenden Winterhalbjahr haben vor allem die Maßnahmen zum Infektionsschutz die Wirtschaftsleistung gedämpft. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass das Kriegsgeschehen in der Ukraine mit Blick auf die ökonomische Aktivität nicht weiter eskaliert, werden die konjunkturellen Auftriebskräfte ab dem Frühjahr die Oberhand gewinnen. Nach einem schwachen Jahresauftakt dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt im zweiten Quartal zwar deutlich zulegen, ohne die Belastung durch den Krieg in der Ukraine würde das Plus aber kräftiger ausfallen. Insgesamt verzögert sich damit der Erholungsprozess abermals. Das Vorkrisenniveau der Wirschaftsleistung wird demnach erst im dritten Quartal des laufenden Jahres erreicht werden. Alles in allem erwarten die Institute einen Anstieg des Bruttoinlandsproduktes von 2,7% für dieses Jahr und 3,1% für nächstes Jahr. Im kommenden Jahr driftet die deutsche Wirtschaft in eine leichte Überauslastung. Maßgeblich dafür sind der hohe Auftragsüberhang in der Industrie sowie nachholende Konsumaktivität. Im Falle eines sofortigen Embargos für die Öl- und Gaslieferungen aus Russland in die Europäische Union würde hingegen die deutsche Wirtschaft in eine scharfe Rezession geraten. Der kumulierte Verlust an gesamtwirtschaftlicher Produktion dürfte sich in diesem Fall bereits in den beiden Jahren 2022 und 2023 auf rund 220 Mrd. Euro belaufen, was mehr als 6,5% der jährlichen Wirschaftsleistung entspricht.
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Aleksandr Kazakov, Michael Koetter, Mirko Titze, Lena Tonzer
Abstract
We study whether government subsidies can stimulate bank funding of marginal investment projects and the associated effect on financial stability. We do so by exploiting granular project-level information for the largest regional economic development programme in Germany since 1997: the Improvement of Regional Economic Structures programme (GRW). By combining the universe of subsidised firms to virtually all German local banks over the period 1998-2019, we test whether this large-scale transfer programme destabilised regional credit markets. Because GRW subsidies to firms are destabilised at the EU level, we can use it as an exogenous shock to identify bank responses. On average, firm subsidies do not affect bank lending, but reduce banks’ distance to default. Average effects conflate important bank-level heterogeneity though. Conditional on various bank traits, we show that well capitalised banks with more industry experience expand lending when being exposed to subsidised firms without exhibiting more risky financial profiles. Our results thus indicate that stable banks can act as an important facilitator of regional economic development policies. Against the backdrop of pervasive transfer payments to mitigate Covid-19 losses and in light of far-reaching transformation policies required to green the economy, our study bears important implications as to whether and which banks to incorporate into the design of transfer Programmes.
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Trade Shocks, Labour Markets and Elections in the First Globalisation
Richard Bräuer, Wolf-Fabian Hungerland, Felix Kersting
Abstract
This paper studies the economic and political effects of a large trade shock in agriculture – the grain invasion from the Americas – in Prussia during the first globalisation (1871-1913). We show that this shock accelerated the structural change in the Prussian economy through migration of workers to booming cities. In contrast to studies using today’s data, we do not observe declining per capita income and political polarisation in counties affected by foreign competition. Our results suggest that the negative and persistent effects of trade shocks we see today are not a universal feature of globalisation, but depend on labour mobility. For our analysis, we digitise data from Prussian industrial and agricultural censuses on the county level and combine it with national trade data at the product level. We exploit the cross-regional variation in cultivated crops within Prussia and instrument with Italian trade data to isolate exogenous variation.
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European Firm Concentration and Aggregate Productivity
Tommaso Bighelli, Filippo di Mauro, Marc Melitz, Matthias Mertens
Abstract
This article derives a European Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity towards large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from reallocation accounted for 50% of European productivity growth and markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
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European Firm Concentration and Aggregate Productivity
Tommaso Bighelli, Filippo di Mauro, Marc Melitz, Matthias Mertens
Abstract
This article derives a European Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity towards large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from reallocation accounted for 50% of European productivity growth and markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
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Pandemie verzögert Aufschwung – Demografie bremst Wachstum
Dienstleistungsauftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie,
No. 1,
2021
Abstract
Das erste Jahr der Corona-Pandemie stand in Deutschland im Zeichen extremer Schwankungen der ökonomischen Aktivität und einer massiven Lähmung der Binnenwirtschaft. Der kräftige Erholungsprozess nach dem Ende des Shutdowns im vergangenen Frühjahr kam im Zuge der zweiten Infektionswelle über das zurückliegende Winterhalbjahr insgesamt zum Erliegen, wobei es große Unterschiede zwischen Industrie und Dienstleistern gibt. Angesichts des aktuellen Infektionsgeschehens gehen die Institute davon aus, dass der derzeitige Shutdown zunächst fortgesetzt wird und die zuletzt erfolgten Lockerungen wieder weitgehend zurückgenommen werden. Erst ab Mitte des zweiten Quartals setzen Lockerungsschritte ein, die es den im Shutdown befindlichen Unternehmen erlauben, ihre Aktivitäten nach und nach wieder aufzunehmen. Bis zum Ende des dritten Quartals sollten dann alle Beschränkungen aufgehoben worden sein, weil bis dahin insbesondere mit einem weitreichenden Impffortschritt zu rechnen ist. Insgesamt dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 3,7% zulegen. Die deutliche Erholung im zweiten Halbjahr 2021 wirkt sich auch erheblich auf die Jahresdurchschnittsrate für das Jahr 2022 aus, die nach vorliegender Prognose 3,9% beträgt.
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International Emigrant Selection on Occupational Skills
Miguel Flores, Alexander Patt, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold
Journal of the European Economic Association,
No. 2,
2021
Abstract
We present the first evidence on the role of occupational choices and acquired skills for migrant selection. Combining novel data from a representative Mexican task survey with rich individual-level worker data, we find that Mexican migrants to the United States have higher manual skills and lower cognitive skills than nonmigrants. Results hold within narrowly defined region–industry–occupation cells and for all education levels. Consistent with a Roy/Borjas-type selection model, differential returns to occupational skills between the United States and Mexico explain the selection pattern. Occupational skills are more important to capture the economic motives for migration than previously used worker characteristics.
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