International Banking and Cross-border Effects of Regulation: Lessons from Germany
Jana Ohls, Markus Pramor, Lena Tonzer
International Journal of Central Banking,
Supplement 1, March
2017
Abstract
We analyze the inward and outward transmission of regulatory changes through German banks’ (international) loan portfolio. Overall, our results provide evidence for international spillovers of prudential instruments. These spillovers are, however, quite heterogeneous between types of banks and can only be observed for some instruments. For instance, domestic affiliates of foreign-owned global banks reduce their loan growth to the German economy in response to a tightening of sector-specific capital buffers, local reserve requirements, and loan-to-value ratios in their home country. Furthermore, from the point of view of foreign countries, tightening reserve requirements is effective in reducing lending inflows from German banks. Finally, we find that business and financial cycles matter for lending decisions.
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National Politics and Bank Default Risk in the Eurozone
Stefan Eichler, Karol Sobanski
Journal of Financial Stability,
October
2016
Abstract
We study the impact of national politics on default risk of eurozone banks as measured by the stock market-based Distance to Default. We find that national electoral cycles, the power of the government as well as the government’s party ideological alignment significantly affect the stability of banks in the eurozone member countries. Moreover, we show that the impact of national politics on bank default risk is more pronounced for large as well as weakly capitalized banks.
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Regional Capital Flows and Economic Regimes: Evidence from China
Liuchun Deng, Boqun Wang
Economics Letters,
April
2016
Abstract
Using provincial data from China, this paper examines the pattern of capital flows in relation to the transition of economic regimes. We show that fast-growing provinces experienced less capital inflows before the large-scale market reform, contrary to the prediction of the neoclassical growth theory. As China transitioned from the central-planning economy to the market economy, the negative correlation between productivity growth and capital inflows became much less pronounced. From a regional perspective, this finding suggests domestic institutional factors play an important role in shaping the pattern of capital flows.
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Legal Insider Trading and Stock Market Liquidity
Hans Degryse, Frank de Jong, Jérémie Lefebvre
De Economist,
No. 1,
2016
Abstract
This paper assesses the impact of legal trades by corporate insiders on the liquidity of the firm’s stock. For this purpose, we analyze two liquidity measures and one information asymmetry measure. The analysis allows us to study as well the effect of a change in insider trading regulation, namely the implementation of the Market Abuse Directive (European Union Directive 2003/6/EC) on the Dutch stock market. The first set of results shows that, in accordance with theories of asymmetric information, the intensity of legal insider trading in a given company is positively related to the bid-ask spread and to the information asymmetry measure. We also find that the Market Abuse Directive did not reduce significantly this effect. Secondly, analyzing liquidity and information asymmetry around the days of legal insider trading, we find that small and large capitalization stocks see their bid-ask spread and the permanent price impact increase when insiders trade. For mid-cap stocks, only the permanent price impact increases. Finally, we could not detect a significant improvement of these results following the change in regulation.
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How Effective is Macroprudential Policy during Financial Downturns? Evidence from Caps on Banks' Leverage
Manuel Buchholz
Working Papers of Eesti Pank,
No. 7,
2015
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of a macroprudential policy instrument, caps on banks' leverage, on domestic credit to the private sector since the Global Financial Crisis. Applying a difference-in-differences approach to a panel of 69 advanced and emerging economies over 2002–2014, we show that real credit grew after the crisis at considerably higher rates in countries which had implemented the leverage cap prior to the crisis. This stabilising effect is more pronounced for countries in which banks had a higher pre-crisis capital ratio, which suggests that after the crisis, banks were able to draw on buffers built up prior to the crisis due to the regulation. The results are robust to different choices of subsamples as well as to competing explanations such as standard adjustment to the pre-crisis credit boom.
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International Banking and Liquidity Risk Transmission: Evidence from Canada
James Chapman, H. Evren Damar
IMF Economic Review,
No. 3,
2015
Abstract
This paper investigates how liquidity conditions in Canada may affect domestic and/or foreign lending of globally active Canadian banks, and whether this transmission is influenced by individual bank characteristics. It finds that Canadian banks expanded their foreign lending during the recent financial crisis, often through acquisitions of foreign banks. It also finds evidence that internal capital markets play a role in the lending activities of globally active Canadian banks during times of heightened liquidity risk.
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Do Manufacturing Firms Benefit from Services FDI? – Evidence from Six New EU Member States
J. Damijan, Crt Kostevc, Philipp Marek, Matija Rojec
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2015
Abstract
This paper focuses on the effect of foreign presence in the services sector on the productivity growth of downstream customers in the manufacturing sector in six EU new member countries in the course of their accession to the European Union. For this purpose, the analysis combines firm-level information, data on economic structures and annual national input-output tables. The findings suggest that services FDI may enhance productivity of manufacturing firms in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries through vertical forward spillovers, and thereby contribute to their competitiveness. The consideration of firm characteristics shows that the magnitude of spillover effects depends on size, ownership structure, and initial productivity level of downstream firms as well as on the diverging technological intensity across sector on the supply and demand side. The results suggest that services FDI foster productivity of domestic rather than foreign controlled firms in the host economy. For the period between 2003 and 2008, the findings suggest that the increasing share of services provided by foreign affiliates enhanced the productivity growth of domestic firms in manufacturing by 0.16%. Furthermore, the firms’ absorptive capability and the size reduce the spillover effect of services FDI on the productivity of manufacturing firms. A sectoral distinction shows that firms at the end of the value chain experience a larger productivity growth through services FDI, whereas the aggregate positive effect seems to be driven by FDI in energy supply. This does not hold for science-based industries, which are spurred by foreign presence in knowledge-intensive business services.
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Erweiterung des Investitionskonzepts in der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung
Axel Lindner, Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 11,
2014
Abstract
Das Statistische Bundesamt hat im Sommer 2014 eine Generalrevision der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnungen (VGR) durchgeführt. Neben der turnusmäßigen Einbeziehung aktueller Datengrundlagen wurde das EU-weit rechtsverbindliche Europäische System Volkswirtschaftlicher Gesamtrechnungen 2010 (ESVG 2010) umgesetzt. Am wichtigsten ist wohl die Erweiterung des Investitionsbegriffs: Aufwendungen für Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) werden nunmehr als Geistiges Eigentum den sonstigen Anlageinvestitionen zugerechnet und erhöhen auch das Bruttoanlagevermögen. Das ist immer dann der Fall, wenn ein ökonomischer Nutzen dadurch generiert wird, dass Ergebnisse der Forschung und Entwicklung wiederholt im Produktionsprozess eingesetzt oder angewandt werden. Entsprechend der Nutzung werden über den jeweiligen Zeitraum anteilige Abschreibungen auf das Geistige Eigentum vorgenommen. Betroffen sind gleichermaßen erworbene wie auch selbst erstellte F&E-Leistungen. Nach alter Konzeption wurde Forschung und Entwicklung von Marktproduzenten als Vorleistungsgut von der Summe aller Produktionswerte abgezogen; sie ging damit nicht in die Bruttowertschöpfung ein. Als Investitionsgut ist sie nun Teil der Wertschöpfung und wirkt in den Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnungen für den Marktproduzenten gewinnerhöhend. Auch F&E von Nicht-Marktproduzenten zählt zu den Bruttoanlageinvestitionen, sie trug aber schon nach dem alten Konzept zur Wertschöpfung bei, denn sie wurde als Konsum des Staates oder von Organisationen ohne Erwerbszweck gebucht. Konsequenz der jetzigen Buchung als Investitionen ist allerdings, dass die F&E-Aufwendungen von Nicht-Marktproduzenten in den Folgejahren zu einer höheren Bruttowertschöpfung als nach der alten Regelung führen: Die Bruttowertschöpfung erhöht sich nun um den Betrag der Abschreibungen auf die durch F&E erzeugten geistigen Güter. Alles in allem führt die Verbuchung von F&E-Leistungen als Investitionen zu einer deutlichen Niveauerhöhung des deutschen Bruttoinlandsprodukts (um 2,5 Prozentpunkte 2013). Der Anteil der Bruttoanlageinvestitionen am BIP (die Investitionsquote) erhöht sich wesentlich auf 19,7% 2013 statt 17,2% vor der Revision.
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Kommentar: Betriebsgrößenstruktur und Arbeitsmarktergebnisse
Steffen Müller
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2014
Abstract
Trotz aller Fortschritte bei der wirtschaftlichen Angleichung Ost- und Westdeutschlands seit der Vereinigung wird in der öffentlichen Debatte häufig auf fortbestehende Unterschiede bei Löhnen und Arbeitsproduktivität verwiesen. Als Erklärung hierfür wird der vergleichsweise geringe Anteil großer und damit in der Regel auch produktiverer und besser zahlender Betriebe in Ostdeutschland angeführt. Die Größe eines Betriebes ist jedoch – von möglichen Skalenerträgen einmal abgesehen – für sich genommen kein Bestimmungsfaktor für ökonomische Prosperität. Für das Verständnis der Folgen einer kleinteilig organisierten Wirtschaft muss geklärt werden, über welche Mechanismen die Betriebsgrößenstruktur auf Löhne und Arbeitsproduktivität wirkt.
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